Atom-Transfer Radical Graft Polymerization Initiated Directly from Silica Applied to Functionalization of Stationary Phases for High-Performance Liquid Chromatography in the Hydrophilic Interaction Chromatography Mode

Abstract

Initiation of atom-transfer radical polymerization of a number of monomers (styrene, methyl acrylate, 3-[N,N-dimethyl-N-(methacryloyloxyethyl)ammonium] propanesulfonate, butyl methacrylate, 2,3-epoxypropyl methacrylate) directly from chlorinated porous silica particles has been performed. The grafting has been confirmed and evaluated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. This initiation technique results in a hydrolytically stable initial Si-C bond, tethering the polymer to the silica substrate. The resulting grafted particles have been used as separation materials for both reversed-phase and hydrophilic interaction chromatography.

A New Stationary Phase Prepared from Ground Silica Monolith Particles by Reversible Addition-Fragmentation Chain Transfer Polymerization

“…[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16] Various silica materials including porous silica particles, 1,4,[6][7][11][12][13][14][15][16] silica beads, 2,5,10 silica monolith, 9 and silica capillary 3,8 have been used for such purposes. Atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) was most frequently used in such studies [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10]16 while reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization was also sometimes utilized. [11][12][14][15] It is interesting to note that an initiator was attached to organic monolith particles instead of silica, and a polymer layer with ion exchange capability was added by ATRP in a specific study.…”

Synthesis of Novel Chiral Stationary Phase Based on Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization and Click Chemistry

“…70,2012 原子转移自由基聚合(Atom transfer radical polymerization, ATRP)法具有适用单体种类广泛、聚合条件温 和、产物分子量可控等优点 [1～3] . 以 ATRP 法修饰硅球 或有机基质表面, 作为色谱固定相具有许多独特优势, 如可形成均匀的聚合物包覆层, 有效地改变载体表面性 质; 与传统聚合方法相比较, 能减少溶液聚合的产生 [4] ;…”

Grafting of silica with sulfobetaine polymers via aqueous reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer polymerization and its use as a stationary phase in HILIC

“…Fast and uncontrolled polymerization will consume the monomer diffusing through the pores from the pool outside the particles. This leads to a depletion of monomers inside the pores while polymerization at the spherical surface and pore orifices may continue, potentially restricting the access of solvent and analyte molecules to the particle core [11,12].…”