Atom-by-Atom Direct Writing

Dyck, Ondrej; Lupini, Andrew R.; Jesse, Stephen

doi:10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c00114

Cited by 7 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…It has recently been shown that Sn atoms can be directly written into single‐layer graphene using the e‐beam. [ 50 ] This suggests that patterning in a similar manner to what has been shown here should be possible in single‐layer graphene as well, if global conditions of the sample can be discovered or predicted, which will facilitate a simultaneous, global, bottom‐up process that can complement the top‐down patterning.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 64%

Top‐Down Fabrication of Atomic Patterns in Twisted Bilayer Graphene

et al. 2023

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Atomic‐scale engineering typically involves bottom‐up approaches, leveraging parameters such as temperature, partial pressures, and chemical affinity to promote spontaneous arrangement of atoms. These parameters are applied globally, resulting in atomic‐scale features scattered probabilistically throughout the material. In a top‐down approach, different regions of the material are exposed to different parameters, resulting in structural changes varying on the scale of the resolution. In this work, the application of global and local parameters is combined in an aberration‐corrected scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) to demonstrate atomic‐scale precision patterning of atoms in twisted bilayer graphene. The focused electron beam is used to define attachment points for foreign atoms through the controlled ejection of carbon atoms from the graphene lattice. The sample environment is staged with nearby source materials such that the sample temperature can induce migration of the source atoms across the sample surface. Under these conditions, the electron‐beam (top‐down) enables carbon atoms in the graphene to be replaced spontaneously by diffusing adatoms (bottom‐up). Using image‐based feedback control, arbitrary patterns of atoms and atom clusters are attached to the twisted bilayer graphene with limited human interaction. The role of substrate temperature on adatom and vacancy diffusion is explored by first‐principles simulations.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 64%

Top‐Down Fabrication of Atomic Patterns in Twisted Bilayer Graphene

et al. 2023

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“…[2][3][4][5] Numerous demonstrations have ranged from the creation of nanowires [6,7] to 1D chains of atoms, [8][9][10][11][12] sculpting, [13][14][15][16][17] molecule-by-molecule deposition, [18] the movement of single atoms, [19][20][21][22][23] the attachment of atoms, [24][25][26][27][28] and atomic patterning [29] and writing. [30] At the same time, feedback-controlled methods for material transformation, manipulation, and beam control in a STEM have also become increasingly refined, now leveraging artificial-intelligence (AI) based decision making. [31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38] Likewise, advances in bottom-up synthesis techniques have shown an impressive ability to tailor molecular structures with atomic precision, revealing junction states, spin centers, quantum spin chains, topologically induced energy bands, and spin splitting.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Importantly, this differs from STEM-based EBID [18,51] in that it is not confined to the dissociation of a precursor gas but also includes working with purified precursor materials. [29,30] This would enable multi-component synthesis processes combined with atomic-scale tailoring, real-time feedback control, and AI decision making.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Likewise, a continuous atom-by-atom direct writing procedure was also demonstrated where Sn atoms were "written" into single-layer graphene in a sequential fashion using e-beam exposure, reproduced here in Figure 1g,h. [30] The critical enabling feature of these demonstrations was the heating of the sample (and source materials, Cu and Sn) to the point where spontaneous evaporation and diffusion of the source atoms occurred. This produces EBID-like environmental sample conditions-a substrate with a diffusing source speciesbut with atomically pure source material.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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A Platform for Atomic Fabrication and In Situ Synthesis in a Scanning Transmission Electron Microscope

2023

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The engineering of quantum materials requires the development of tools able to address various synthesis and characterization challenges. These include the establishment and refinement of growth methods, material manipulation, and defect engineering. Atomic‐scale modification will be a key enabling factor for engineering quantum materials where desired phenomena are critically determined by atomic structures. Successful use of scanning transmission electron microscopes (STEMs) for atomic scale material manipulation has opened the door for a transformed view of what can be accomplished using electron‐beam‐based strategies. However, serious obstacles exist on the pathway from possibility to practical reality. One such obstacle is the in situ delivery of atomized material in the STEM to the region of interest for further fabrication processes. Here, progress on this front is presented with a view toward performing synthesis (deposition and growth) processes in a scanning transmission electron microscope in combination with top‐down control over the reaction region. An in situ thermal deposition platform is presented, tested, and deposition and growth processes are demonstrated. In particular, it is shown that isolated Sn atoms can be evaporated from a filament and caught on the nearby sample, demonstrating atomized material delivery. This platform is envisioned to facilitate real‐time atomic resolution imaging of growth processes and open new pathways toward atomic fabrication.

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The Synthescope: A Vision for Combining Synthesis with Atomic Fabrication

2023

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The scanning transmission electron microscope, a workhorse instrument in materials characterization, is being transformed into an atomic‐scale material‐manipulation platform. With an eye on the trajectory of recent developments and the obstacles toward progress in this field, a vision for a path toward an expanded set of capabilities and applications is provided. The microscope is reconceptualized as an instrument for fabrication and synthesis with the capability to image and characterize atomic‐scale structural formation as it occurs. Further development and refinement of this approach may have substantial impact on research in microelectronics, quantum information science, and catalysis, where precise control over atomic‐scale structure and chemistry of a few “active sites” can have a dramatic impact on larger‐scale functionality and where developing a better understanding of atomic‐scale processes can help point the way to larger‐scale synthesis approaches.

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Atom-by-Atom Direct Writing

Cited by 7 publications

References 56 publications

Top‐Down Fabrication of Atomic Patterns in Twisted Bilayer Graphene

Top‐Down Fabrication of Atomic Patterns in Twisted Bilayer Graphene

A Platform for Atomic Fabrication and In Situ Synthesis in a Scanning Transmission Electron Microscope

The Synthescope: A Vision for Combining Synthesis with Atomic Fabrication

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