ATOC/Pioneer Seamount cable after 8 years on the seafloor: Observations, environmental impact

Kogan, Irina; Paull, C. K.; Kuhnz, Linda A.; Burton, Erica; Thun, Susan Von; Greene, H. Gary; Barry, James

doi:10.1016/j.csr.2006.01.010

Cited by 33 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Today's research on offshore energy conversion is focused on fish [5], marine mammals [6], effects of electromagnetic fields [7], noise [8], hydrodynamic changes, and benthic communities [9, 10]. Concerning sea cables, impact studies showed that there were no general negative impacts on species abundance, composition and biomass of infauna, and species specific reactions in some elasmobranch fish [11–13]. …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Artificial Reef Effect in relation to Offshore Renewable Energy Conversion: State of the Art

Langhamer

2012

The Scientific World Journal

138

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The rapid worldwide growth of offshore renewable energy production will provide marine organisms with new hard substrate for colonization, thus acting as artificial reefs. The artificial reef effect is important when constructing, for example, scour protections since it can generate an enhanced habitat. Specifically, artificial structures can create increased heterogeneity in the area important for species diversity and density. Offshore energy installations also have the positive side effect as they are a sanctuary area for trawled organisms. Higher survival of fish and bigger fish is an expected outcome that can contribute to a spillover to outer areas. One negative side effect is that invasive species can find new habitats in artificial reefs and thus influence the native habitats and their associated environment negatively. Different scour protections in offshore wind farms can create new habitats compensating for habitat loss by offshore energy installations. These created habitats differ from the lost habitat in species composition substantially. A positive reef effect is dependent on the nature and the location of the reef and the characteristics of the native populations. An increase in surface area of scour protections by using specially designed material can also support the reef effect and its productivity.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Artificial Reef Effect in relation to Offshore Renewable Energy Conversion: State of the Art

Langhamer

2012

The Scientific World Journal

138

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“…Subjects of numerous studies include signal buoys, piers, breakwaters, bridges (Kay and Butler, 1983;Oshurkov, 1992;Qvarfordt et al, 2006;Venkatesan et al, 2017), oil platforms, and wind turbines (Stachowitsch et al, 2002;Andersson and Öhman, 2010;Degraer et al, 2020). Recent developments in underwater photography and video resolution have enhanced observational methods (e.g., Kogan et al, 2006;Gormley et al, 2018). In addition, remotely operated vehicles have enabled researchers to expand observations into deeper areas of the ocean (Hudson et al, 2005).…”

Section: Methods Of Biofouling Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…With increasing depth, fewer naturally occurring hard substrates are available for colonization by planktonic larvae of fouling organisms. This makes artificial substrates especially attractive and leads to formation of diverse and complex fouling communities on a wide range of hard substrates such as shipwrecks, pipes, or oil platform supporting structures (e.g., Kogan et al, 2006;Meyer et al, 2016). Despite numerous examples of deep-sea biofouling of artificial substrates, researchers still do not know the exact sequence of events that results in these deep-sea "oases of life. "…”

Section: Biofouling Variation With Increasing Depthmentioning

confidence: 99%

At the Interface of Marine Disciplines: Use of Autonomous Seafloor Equipment for Studies of Biofouling Below the Shallow-Water Zone

Chava¹,

Gebruk²,

Kolbasova³

et al. 2021

Oceanog

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Biofouling of artificial substrates is a well-known phenomenon that can negatively impact offshore industry operations as well as data collection in the ocean. Fouling communities worldwide have mostly been studied within the top 50 m of the ocean surface, while biofouling below this depth remains largely underreported. Existing methods used to study biofouling are labor intensive and expensive when applied to the deep sea. Here, we propose a simple and cost-effective modification of traditional methods for studying biofouling by mounting test plates on autonomous seafloor equipment and preserving them in ethanol upon retrieval for transport to the laboratory. This method can greatly advance our understanding of biofouling processes in the deeper ocean, including fouling community biodiversity, recruitment, and seasonality. We present two case studies from the Laptev Sea and the Sea of Okhotsk in support of this method. In the first study, we looked at fouling communities on the surfaces of ocean-bottom seismometers deployed for one year in the 36–350 m depth range. In the second study, we tested metal and plexiglass (poly(methyl methacrylate) plates mounted on autonomous bottom stations and found evidence of both micro- and macrofouling after three months of deployment. Our results demonstrate that various autonomous seafloor equipment can be used as supporting platforms for biofouling studies.

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“…15 "Subject to its right to take reasonable measures for the exploration of the continental shelf and the exploitation of its natural resources, the coastal State may not impede the laying or maintenance of submarine cables or pipelines on the continental shelf." 18 The concept of the "continental shelf" and the resources of the continental shelf did not exist in the international law of the sea before. With the appearance of this convention, states received certain rights over those territories and their resources which previously were considered as territories not under the jurisdiction of any state.…”

Section: A) Geneva Convention On the Continental Shelf 1958mentioning

confidence: 99%

Law of the Sea and Environmental Law acting together: Experience of laying submarine cable in the Arctic

Shvets

2018

RCDA

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All states have the right to lay submarine cables on the seabed according to the United Nations Law of the Sea Convention 1982 (LOSC). Unlike submarine pipelines, cables are generally considered being environmentally friendly, having minimum impact on the marine environment. Currently, there are several projects on submarine cables planned to be laid in the Arctic. In particular, the Quintillion Subsea Cable System is an ongoing large-scale project, which major part will go through the Arctic waters. Despite mostly local and moderate disturbance to the environment in other regions, it causes certain concerns regarding the influence on the Arctic environment due PARAULES CLAU: Cables submarins-LOSC-Àrtic-Protecció mediambiental-Codi polar-Dret del mar. PALABRAS CLAVE: Cables submarinos-LOSC-Ártico-Protección del medio ambiente-Código polar-Derecho del mar. LIST OF CONTENTS: I. Introduction. II. Historical background. 1. The 1884 Convention for the Protection of Submarine Telegraph Cables. 2. The 1958 Geneva Conventions a) Geneva Convention on the Continental Shelf 1958. b) Geneva Convention on the High Seas 1958. III. Current legal regulation of submarine cables under the LOSC. 1. Maritime zones under the coastal states jurisdiction. 2. Maritime zones where coastal states enjoy certain rights. 3. Maritime zones beyond coastal states jurisdiction. IV. Submarine cables and the environment. V. Projects of submarine cables in the Arctic. 1. Completed projects. 2. Proposed projects. 3. The current project of Quintillion Subsea Cable System. VI. Environmental law aspect of submarine cables in the Arctic. 1. Application of the precautionary principle. 2. The Polar Code requirements for cable ships. VII. Conclusion. VIII. Bibliography

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ATOC/Pioneer Seamount cable after 8 years on the seafloor: Observations, environmental impact

Cited by 33 publications

References 12 publications

Artificial Reef Effect in relation to Offshore Renewable Energy Conversion: State of the Art

Artificial Reef Effect in relation to Offshore Renewable Energy Conversion: State of the Art

At the Interface of Marine Disciplines: Use of Autonomous Seafloor Equipment for Studies of Biofouling Below the Shallow-Water Zone

Law of the Sea and Environmental Law acting together: Experience of laying submarine cable in the Arctic

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