Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program Science Plan. Current Status and Future Directions of the ARM Science Program

Ackerman, T. P.; Genio, A. D. del; Ellingson, R. G.; Ferrare, RA; Klein, SA; McFarquhar, Greg M.; Lamb, P.J.; Long, CN; Verlinde, Johannes

doi:10.2172/948102

Cited by 8 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 104 publications

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“…We compared interpolated meteorological fields to measurements from the Mesonet sites (which were used in the interpolation) as well as to several sources not used in the interpolation: ARM Extended Facilities (EF [ Ackerman et al , 2004]) observations and eddy covariance tower observations. An example of the climate forcing data calculated using the Mesonet and Extended Facilities data is shown in Figure 2 (surface relative humidity on 22 March 2003 at 0000).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Each station measures relative humidity, wind speed, air temperature and pressure, and downward solar radiation, and reports these data as five, thirty, or sixty minute averages. The ARM archive (http://www.arm.gov [ Ackerman et al , 2004]) makes these data available a few days after the measurements are collected. We estimated downward infrared radiation using Boltzman's law, observed air temperature, and estimates of surface and atmospheric emissivity.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Regional CO₂ and latent heat surface fluxes in the Southern Great Plains: Measurements, modeling, and scaling

et al. 2009

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[1] Characterizing net ecosystem exchanges (NEE) of CO 2 and sensible and latent heat fluxes in heterogeneous landscapes is difficult, yet critical given expected changes in climate and land use. We report here a measurement and modeling study designed to improve our understanding of surface to atmosphere gas exchanges under very heterogeneous land cover in the mostly agricultural U.S. Southern Great Plains (SGP). We combined three years of site-level, eddy covariance measurements in several of the dominant land cover types with regional-scale climate data from the distributed Mesonet stations and Next Generation Weather Radar precipitation measurements to calibrate a land surface model of trace gas and energy exchanges (isotope-enabled land surface model (ISOLSM)). Yearly variations in vegetation cover distributions were estimated from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer normalized difference vegetation index and compared to regional and subregional vegetation cover type estimates from the U.S. Department of Agriculture census. We first applied ISOLSM at a 250 m spatial scale to account for vegetation cover type and leaf area variations that occur on hundred meter scales. Because of computational constraints, we developed a subsampling scheme within 10 km ''macrocells'' to perform these high-resolution simulations. We estimate that the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Climate Research Facility SGP region net CO 2 exchange with the local atmosphere was À240, À340, and À270 gC m À2 yr À1 (positive toward the atmosphere) in 2003, 2004, and 2005, respectively, with large seasonal variations. We also performed simulations using two scaling approaches at resolutions of 10, 30, 60, and 90 km. The scaling approach applied in current land surface models led to regional NEE biases of up to 50 and 20% in weekly and annual estimates, respectively. An important factor in causing these biases was the complex leaf area index (LAI) distribution within cover types. Biases in predicted weekly average regional latent heat fluxes were smaller than for NEE, but larger than for either ecosystem respiration or assimilation alone. However, spatial and diurnal variations of hundreds of W m À2 in latent heat fluxes were common. We conclude that, in this heterogeneous system, characterizing vegetation cover type and LAI at the scale of spatial variation are necessary for accurate estimates of bottom-up, regional NEE and surface energy fluxes.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Regional CO₂ and latent heat surface fluxes in the Southern Great Plains: Measurements, modeling, and scaling

et al. 2009

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“…The U.S. Department of Energy Atmospheric Radiation Management Program (ARM) Climate Research Facility (ACRF) supports a large testbed, roughly 300 × 300 km, for measurements and modelling in the SGP (Ackerman et al, 2004). All atmospheric and climatic variables measured in the ACRF are available from the ARM Data Archives (http://www.archive.arm.gov).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seasonal and interannual variability in <sup>13</sup>C composition of ecosystem carbon fluxes in the U.S. Southern Great Plains

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Biraud

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et al. 2011

Tellus B: Chemical and Physical Meteorology

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“…For validation of observations over land, we compare TES CO 2 to flask sample observations collected bi-weekly over the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Southern Great Plains (SGP) site (Ackerman et al, 2004), as part of the ACME project. This site is located in the southern United States at 36.8 • N, 97.5 • W, and has data starting in 2002.…”

Section: Sgp Aircraft Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of improved Aura Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer CO<sub>2</sub> with HIPPO and SGP aircraft profile measurements

et al. 2013

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Abstract. Thermal infrared radiances from the Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (TES) between 10 and 15 μm contain significant carbon dioxide (CO2) information, however the CO2 signal must be separated from radiative interference from temperature, surface and cloud parameters, water, and other trace gases. Validation requires data sources spanning the range of TES CO2 sensitivity, which is approximately 2.5 to 12 km with peak sensitivity at about 5 km and the range of TES observations in latitude (40° S to 40° N) and time (2005–2011). We therefore characterize Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (TES) CO2 version 5 biases and errors through comparisons to ocean and land-based aircraft profiles and to the CarbonTracker assimilation system. We compare to ocean profiles from the first three Hiaper Pole-to-Pole Observations (HIPPO) campaigns between 40° S and 40° N with measurements between the surface and 14 km and find that TES CO2 estimates capture the seasonal and latitudinal gradients observed by HIPPO CO2 measurements. Actual errors range from 0.8–1.8 ppm, depending on the campaign and pressure level, and are approximately 1.6–2 times larger than the predicted errors. The bias of TES versus HIPPO is within 1 ppm for all pressures and datasets; however, several of the sub-tropical TES CO2 estimates are lower than expected based on the calculated errors. Comparisons to land aircraft profiles from the United States Southern Great Plains (SGP) Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) between 2005 and 2011 measured from the surface to 5 km to TES CO2 show good agreement with an overall bias of −0.3 ppm to 0.1 ppm and standard deviations of 0.8 to 1.0 ppm at different pressure levels. Extending the SGP aircraft profiles above 5 km using AIRS or CONTRAIL measurements improves comparisons with TES. Comparisons to CarbonTracker (version CT2011) show a persistent spatially dependent bias pattern and comparisons to SGP show a time-dependent bias of −0.2 ppm yr−1. We also find that the predicted sensitivity of the TES CO2 estimates is too high, which results from using a multi-step retrieval for CO2 and temperature. We find that the averaging kernel in the TES product corrected by a pressure-dependent factor accurately reflects the sensitivity of the TES CO2 product.

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Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program Science Plan. Current Status and Future Directions of the ARM Science Program

Cited by 8 publications

References 104 publications

Regional CO₂ and latent heat surface fluxes in the Southern Great Plains: Measurements, modeling, and scaling

Regional CO₂ and latent heat surface fluxes in the Southern Great Plains: Measurements, modeling, and scaling

Seasonal and interannual variability in <sup>13</sup>C composition of ecosystem carbon fluxes in the U.S. Southern Great Plains

Comparison of improved Aura Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer CO<sub>2</sub> with HIPPO and SGP aircraft profile measurements

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Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program Science Plan. Current Status and Future Directions of the ARM Science Program

Cited by 8 publications

References 104 publications

Regional CO2 and latent heat surface fluxes in the Southern Great Plains: Measurements, modeling, and scaling

Regional CO2 and latent heat surface fluxes in the Southern Great Plains: Measurements, modeling, and scaling

Seasonal and interannual variability in <sup>13</sup>C composition of ecosystem carbon fluxes in the U.S. Southern Great Plains

Comparison of improved Aura Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; with HIPPO and SGP aircraft profile measurements

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Product

Resources

About

Regional CO₂ and latent heat surface fluxes in the Southern Great Plains: Measurements, modeling, and scaling

Regional CO₂ and latent heat surface fluxes in the Southern Great Plains: Measurements, modeling, and scaling

Comparison of improved Aura Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer CO<sub>2</sub> with HIPPO and SGP aircraft profile measurements