Atmospheric Pressure and Electric Field Variations During Auroras

Observations and Analysis of the Mid‐Latitude Atmospheric Electric Field During Geomagnetic Activity

“…The global atmospheric circuit is considered a closed electrical system that flows upwards from a thunderstorm generator, passes through the ionosphere, and returns to the earth surface in fair weather (i.e., no cloud cover, fog, snowfall, precipitation, thunderstorm activity, cumulus and the wind velocity does not exceed 6 m/s) (Corney et al., 2003; Denisenko et al., 2010; Frank–Kamenetskii et al., 2001, 2012; Kleimenova et al., 2008, 2010, 2012, 2017; Krasheninnikov et al., 2019; Rycroft, 2006; Rycroft & Harrison, 2011; Rycroft et al., 2000; Troshichev et al., 2004; Victor et al., 2015). According to the classical electrical theory of atmospheric, the global thunderstorms can generate a potential of about 250 kV between the bottom of ionosphere and the earth's surface at any time, therefore, producing a vertical downward atmospheric electric field ($${E}_{z}$$) with an average intensity of about 110 V/m near the ground (Denisenko et al., 2010).…”

“…At present, many researchers have found that $${E}_{z}$$ would be attenuated in the mid–latitude regions amid the main phase of magnetic storm (Kleimenova et al., 2008, 2013; Krasheninnikov, 2019), and the variations of $${E}_{z}$$ were shown to be highly correlated with the overturning of interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) (Frank–Kamenetsky et al., 2001, 2010). The primary phase of the magnetic storm results in a wide range of global circuit changes and energetic particles settling into the lower ionosphere (Kleimenova et al., 2008, 2009, 2013).…”

“…Therefore, statistical results of these correlations have not been thoroughly established due to the complexity of various factors affecting 𝐴𝐴 𝐴𝐴𝑧𝑧 in measurement and data simplification procedures in mid-latitudes (Michnowski, 1998). At present, many researchers have found that 𝐴𝐴 𝐴𝐴𝑧𝑧 would be attenuated in the mid-latitude regions amid the main phase of magnetic storm (Kleimenova et al, 2008(Kleimenova et al, , 2013Krasheninnikov, 2019), and the variations of 𝐴𝐴 𝐴𝐴𝑧𝑧 were shown to be highly correlated with the overturning of interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) (Frank-Kamenetsky et al, 2001, 2010. The primary phase of the magnetic storm results in a wide range of global circuit changes and energetic particles settling into the lower ionosphere (Kleimenova et al, 2008(Kleimenova et al, , 2009(Kleimenova et al, , 2013.…”