Atmospheric Occurrence and Deposition of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-<i>p</i>-Dioxins and Dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) in the Open Mediterranean Sea

Castro-Jiménez, Javier; Eisenreich, Steven J.; Ghiani, Michela; Mariani, Giovanna; Skejo, Helle; Gunther, Umlauf; Jan, Wollgast; Zaldı́var, J.M.; Berrojalbiz, Naiara; Reuter, H. I.; Dachs, Jordi

doi:10.1021/es100718n

Cited by 45 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 38 publications

(55 reference statements)

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“…Overall, the atmospheric loading at both coastal areas is dominated by PBDEs, ranging from 70 to ~ 3400 ng m -2 y -1 , followed by PCBs (30 to ~ 250 ng m -2 y -1 ) and PCDD/Fs (2 to 80 ng m -2 y -1 ) as expected from their relative atmospheric concentrations and the assumptions considered in these calculations ( Table 1, S9-S11). These fluxes were generally within the range of previously reported dry deposition estimations in the Mediterranean and SW Black Sea for the same POPs 23,28,35 . However, some differences were found in the atmospheric loading at both edges of the Mediterranean Sea.…”

Section: Atmospheric Dry Deposition and Exposuresupporting

confidence: 89%

“…The three POP families exhibited higher levels in Bizerte area compared to Marseille (with a different air mass circulation pattern) in this month. This situation has been previously described for PCDD/Fs 35 and PAHs 18 in the same region.…”

Section: Factors Affecting Temporal and Spatial Variabilitysupporting

confidence: 82%

“…17,18,19 PCDD/Fs, PCBs and PBDEs are among the POPs found in the atmospheric compartment from various NW Mediterranean coastal environments (from rural to large cities), [20][21][22][23][24][25][26] and the central/Eastern basin [27][28][29][30][31][32][33] , but also farther from the coast in the entire Mediterranean Sea. [34][35][36] The European Mediterranean coast is by far the most studied and only few measurements (focussing in the SE Mediterranean) have been carried out in the African Mediterranean edge. 37,38 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Occurrence, Loading, and Exposure of Atmospheric Particle-Bound POPs at the African and European Edges of the Western Mediterranean Sea

Castro-Jiménez

Barhoumi

Paluselli

et al. 2017

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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A comparative study for 62 toxic chemicals based on the monthly collection of aerosol samples during 2015-2016 in two coastal cities at both the African (Bizerte, Tunisia) and European (Marseille, France) edges of the W Mediterranean basin is presented. Legacy polychlorinated biphenyls (Σ 18 PCBs) and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (Σ 17 PCDD/Fs) show generally higher median levels at the African edge (2.1 and 0.2 pg m-3 , respectively) compared to the European coastal site (1.0 and 0.08 pg m-3 , respectively). Contrary, the "emerging" polybrominated diphenyl ethers (Σ 27 PBDEs) median concentrations were higher in Marseille (~ 9.0 pg m-3) compared to Bizerte (~ 6.0 pg m-3). Different past usage and current emission patterns were found at both edges of the W Mediterranean, most probably linked to the respective different regulatory frameworks for toxic chemicals. Our results indicate that the total organic carbon (TOC) and/or the elemental carbon (EC) contents in the atmospheric aerosol may have a stronger effect than the total suspended particle (TSP) content as a whole on the spatial-temporal variability and the long-range atmospheric transport potential of the studied POPs. A "jumping" of the PBDE local atmospheric stocks from the NW European Mediterranean edge to the NW African coast seems to be possible under favorable conditions at present. While a higher PBDE median loading is estimated for Marseille area (~ 550 ng m-2 y-1) compared to Bizerte (~400 ng m-2 y-1), the median PCB and PCDD/F dry deposition fluxes were higher at the African site, resulting in a 3fold higher toxic equivalent (TEQ) loading of dioxin-like pollutants (400 pg TEQ m-2 y-1) compared to Marseille (~140 pg TEQ m-2 y-1) with potential implications for the aquatic organisms. However, the inhalation exposure assessment points to a minimum risk for human health at both sites.

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Section: Atmospheric Dry Deposition and Exposuresupporting

confidence: 89%

Section: Factors Affecting Temporal and Spatial Variabilitysupporting

confidence: 82%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Occurrence, Loading, and Exposure of Atmospheric Particle-Bound POPs at the African and European Edges of the Western Mediterranean Sea

Castro-Jiménez

Barhoumi

Paluselli

et al. 2017

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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“…However, potential re-volatilization of PCDD/Fs from environmental reservoirs could be also feasible even if this process appears not to be predominant. Indeed, PCDD/F volatilization from other environmental compartments such as water (Castro-Jiménez et al, 2010;Friedman et al, 2012) and soils (Schuhmacher et al, 2006;Aberg et al, 2010) have been already reported. It was not possible to asses this process with the present data set and further research is needed in this regard.…”

Section: Ambient Levels and Seasonalitymentioning

confidence: 98%

Monitoring atmospheric levels and deposition of dioxin-like pollutants in sub-alpine Northern Italy

Castro-Jiménez¹,

Eisenreich²,

Mariani³

et al. 2012

Atmospheric Environment

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The objective of this work was to assess the atmospheric occurrence, seasonal variations and deposition of dioxin-like pollutants (17 PCDD/Fs þ 12 DL-PCBs) in sub-alpine northern Italy. A total of 108 weekly integrated samples (aerosol þ gas phases) were collected during a 1-year period (2005e2006) at the Ispra EMEP site (Northern Italy, 45 49 0 N, 8 38 0 E). Atmospheric loadings into Lake Maggiore were also estimated by implementing a deposition model. P 2,3,7,8-PCDD/F atmospheric total concentrations were dominated by the aerosol-bound fraction which ranged from 50 to 3080 (1e215 WHO 98 TEQ) fg m À3. In contrast DL-PCB levels were dominated by the gas phase concentrations and varied from 1800 to 14800 (1e5 WHO 98 TEQ) fg m À3. The aerosol and gas phase concentrations of PCDD/Fs and DL-PCBs exhibited a similar seasonality (higher values in winter time for aerosol-bound contaminants and lower concentrations for gas phase contaminants) in spite of their different environmental sources and properties. Estimated total atmospheric (dry þ wet) depositional fluxes of dioxin-like pollutants in sub-alpine northern Italy were w0.2ew9.5 ng m À2 d À1 , with wet deposition dominating. Total atmospheric inputs (2,3,7,8-PCDD/Fs þ DL-PCBs) into Lake Maggiore ranged from 14 to 304 g y À1. Higher environmental concentrations of dioxin-like pollutants in sub-alpine northern Italy are expected in the cold season and in rainy days due to a combined effect of stagnant atmospheric conditions (low winds), household wood burning in the region and higher pollutant loads via rainfall in winter.

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“…There are no measured velocities for BFRs for open ocean conditions available. Based on recent studies on the dry deposition of POPs (Castro-Jiménez et al;Jurado et al, 2004;Del Vento and Dachs, 2007), we used a constant velocity of 0.1 cm s -1 (86.4 m d -1 ) for the open sea conditions in this study. Since the dry deposition was calculated based on a constant deposition velocity, the differences in the fluxes resulted only from the differences in the particulate concentrations and higher differences are expected if the velocities for the individual BFRs were known.…”

Section: Dry Particle-bound Depositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and alternative brominated flame retardants in air and seawater of the European Arctic

Møller

Xie

Sturm

et al. 2011

Environmental Pollution

174

103

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The spatial distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and several alternative non-PBDE, non-regulated brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in air and seawater and the air-seawater exchange was investigated in East Greenland Sea using high-volume air and water samples. Total PBDE concentrations (Ó₁₀PBDEs) ranged from 0.09 to 1.8 pg m⁻³ in the atmosphere and from 0.03 to 0.64 pg L⁻¹ in seawater. Two alternative BFRs, Hexabromobenzene (HBB) and 2,3-dibromopropyl-2,4,6-tribromophenyl ether (DPTE), showed similar concentrations and spatial trends as PBDEs. The air-seawater gas exchange was dominated by deposition with fluxes up to -492 and -1044 pg m⁻² day⁻¹ for BDE-47 and DPTE, respectively. This study shows the first occurrence of HBB, DPTE and other alternative flame retardants (e.g., pentabromotoluene (PBT)) in the Arctic atmosphere and seawater indicating that they have a similar long-range atmospheric transport potential (LRAT) as the banned PBDEs.

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Atmospheric Occurrence and Deposition of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-Dioxins and Dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) in the Open Mediterranean Sea

Cited by 45 publications

References 38 publications

Occurrence, Loading, and Exposure of Atmospheric Particle-Bound POPs at the African and European Edges of the Western Mediterranean Sea

Occurrence, Loading, and Exposure of Atmospheric Particle-Bound POPs at the African and European Edges of the Western Mediterranean Sea

Monitoring atmospheric levels and deposition of dioxin-like pollutants in sub-alpine Northern Italy

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and alternative brominated flame retardants in air and seawater of the European Arctic

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