Atmospheric Nonequilibrium Plasma Treatment of Biaxially Oriented Polypropylene

Boyd, Robert; Kenwright, and A. M.; Badyal, J. P. S.; Briggs, D.

doi:10.1021/ma960940x

Cited by 111 publications

(99 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…In the case of a polypropylene sample highly oxidized by silent electrical discharge treatment, overlapping series of negative ion fragments were observed up to m/z 500. 10 The yields of these fragments tend to be rather low, resulting in poor statistics and problems with accurate mass analysis. However, this problem could be overcome by combining polyatomic primary ion bombardment with the addition of spectra to maintain static SIMS conditions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Nevertheless, various lowmass oxygen-containing fragments from the ToF-SIMS positive ion spectra were identified as representing the various possible oxygen functionalities seen in the C 1s spectra (these results are discussed below). Boyd et al 10 used ToF-SIMS, XPS and atomic force microscopy (AFM) to study polypropylene oxidized by silent electrical discharge, commenting in particular on the extensive and complex series of negative ions observed. They also used ToF-SIMS to investigate the nature of the removeable lowmolecular-weight oxidized material (by depositing the extract onto silver).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Analysis of the surface chemistry of oxidized polyethylene: comparison of XPS and ToF‐SIMS

Briggs

Brewis

Dahm

et al. 2003

Surface & Interface Analysis

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A series of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) surfaces, chemically modified using a number of oxidative techniques employed for adhesion enhancement (pretreatments), have been studied by time-of-flight (ToF) SIMS and XPS. The methods consisted of corona discharge, flame, electrochemical, chromic acid, acid dichromate and acid permanganate treatment. All except flame treatment were performed under mild and fairly severe conditions to yield a range of surface chemistries. The XPS analysis, using high energy resolution and a refined approach to C 1s curve-fitting, provided some new insights into the quantitative assessment of the type and concentration of functional groups. Both positive and negative ion ToF-SIMS spectra were obtained at high mass resolution. The oxygen-containing fragments were identified by accurate mass analysis and subjected to a detailed comparison with the XPS results. No convincing relative intensity correlations could be identified that would allow particular secondary ion fragments to be associated strongly with particular functional groups (in this multi-functional surface situation). Inorganic residues resulting from wet chemical treatments were also investigated and here the two techniques were found to be more complementary.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of the surface chemistry of oxidized polyethylene: comparison of XPS and ToF‐SIMS

Briggs

Brewis

Dahm

et al. 2003

Surface & Interface Analysis

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“…Following the rinsing, neither a mound like structure nor that of a lamella could be observed for the sample treated 200 times. The shape of the globular features (aggregated LMWOM) was explained in terms of the difference in surface energy [58,59]. The LMWOM was easily removed through rinsing with water, due to the fact that it was probably loosely bound to the surface.…”

Section: Nano/micro-surface Topography Modificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It was found that chain scission [59,68,69] accompanied by oxidative attack leads to the formation of low molecular weight oxidized material which agglomerated into globules at the surface. Such low molecular weight fragments of the polymer at the surface acted as a weak boundary layer.…”

Section: Oxidation Mechanism By Flame Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flame treatment of low-density polyethylene: Surface chemistry across the length scales

Song¹,

Gunst

Arlinghaus

et al. 2007

Applied Surface Science

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The relationship between surface chemistry and morphology of flame treated low-density polyethylene (LDPE) was studied by various characterization techniques across different length scales. The chemical composition of the surface was determined on the micrometer scale by Xray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) as well as with time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS), while surface wettability was obtained through contact angle (CA) measurements on the millimeter scale. The surface concentration of hydroxyl, carbonyl and carboxyl groups, as a function of the ''number'' of the flame treatment passes (which is proportional to the treatment time) was obtained. Moreover, a correlation was found with chemical composition and polarity, emphasizing the role of oxygen-containing functional groups introduced during the treatment. Carboxyl functional groups were specifically identified by fluorescent labeling and the results were compared with the ToF-SIMS data. In addition, atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to evaluate changes in surface topography and roughness on the nanometer to micrometer length scales. After flame treatment, water-soluble low molecular weight oxidized materials (LMWOM), which were generated as products of oxidation and chain scission of the LDPE surface, agglomerated into small topographical mounds that were visible in the AFM micrographs. After rinsing the flame treated samples with water and ethanol, bead-like nodular surface structures were observed. The ionization state of flame treated LDPE surfaces was monitored by chemical force microscopy (CFM). The effective surface pK a values of carboxylic acid (-COOH) obtained by AFM were revealed by chemical force titration curves and the effective surface pK a values were found to be around 6. #

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“…Actually, a simple way to modify the chemical and physical states of the polymer surface, without altering the bulk properties, is by plasma treatment. The plasma treatment of polymers leads to the creation of new chemical groups [5,6], cross-linking and branching of the macromolecules and formation of lowmolecular weight oxidized structures [3,7,8], the rates of these processes being a function of the plasma reactivity. Due to ablation the surface topography of the polymer is affected [9e11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%