Atmospheric nitrogen deposition and its impact to Lake Sihwa in South Korea from January 2004 to September 2005

Abstract

Atmospheric wet and dry deposition samples collected from three sites (Hwasung, Ansan and Daeboo) around Lake Sihwa, South Korea were used to calculate the atmospheric deposition of nitrogen to the lake and to evaluate its effects on primary production. The analytical parameters included pH, conductivity, and cation (Na + , NH 4 + , K + , Mg 2+ , Ca 2+ ) and anion (Cl -, NO 3 -, SO 4 2-) concentrations. The monthly volume-weighted mean pH of the rainwater ranged from 3.9 to 5.1, with a mean of 4.5, thus showing moderate to strong acidification. Factor analysis indicated that the possible sources for the major ions in the precipitation were anthropogenic/crustal, marine and biomass burning products. Wet deposition varied with season; the highest flux of inorganic nitrogen (NO 3 --N + NH 4 + -N) occurred in the summer and averaged 160 mg/m 2 /month. Less nitrogen was delivered by dry deposition which was highest in spring 2004 (March-May, 23 and 50 mg/m 2 /month for NO 3 --N and NH 4 + -N, respectively). The total annual atmospheric deposition of NH 4 + -N (1100 mg/m 2 / yr) was about twice that of NO 3 --N (560 mg/m 2 /yr). The combined direct deposition to the lake proper was 7.1 × 10 7 g-N/ yr while the estimated annual flux to the entire Lake Sihwa basin was 7.9 × 10 8 g-N/yr. Of the total atmospheric inorganic N entering Lake Sihwa (2.7 × 10 8 g-N/yr), 26% was from direct deposition and 74% from indirect deposition. To estimate the potential impact of atmospheric nitrogen on primary production in the lake, chlorophyll-a equivalents were calculated assuming Redfield stoichiometry; this was estimated to be about 8% of the total chlorophyll-a produced in 2004.

Atmospheric inorganic nitrogen in marine aerosol and precipitation and its deposition to the North and South Pacific Oceans

“…Extensive use of fossil fuels and N in fertilizer has already impacted coastal as well as open ocean marine ecosystems due to increased N deposition (e.g. Paerl 1997;Spokes and Jickells 2005;Jung et al 2009;Zhang et al 2010;Krishnamurthy et al 2010). Duce et al (2008) have estimated that in 1860, atmospheric deposition flux of total reactive N (i.e.…”

Chemical Composition of Water Soluble Inorganic Species in Precipitation at Shihwa Basin, Korea

“…Because the Shihwa Basin includes areas with industrial, agricultural, and coastal land use, the study are has experienced serious problems with air pollution [34][35][36][37].…”

First Assessment of Inorganic Nitrogen Deposition Budget Following the Impoundment of a Subtropical Hydroelectric Reservoir (Nam Theun 2, Lao PDR)

“…In comparison to other water surfaces (Table ), the magnitude of the total N deposition flux to NT2R is similar to the deposition on the coastal Barnegat Bay, New Jersey (Gao, ), but lower than on the Great Bay Estuary, New Jersey (Ayars & Gao, ). Jung et al () reported also a higher value of 16.6 kgN·ha −1 ·year −1 for the total annual deposition of N to Lake Shiwa under the influence of high anthropogenic emissions of NO x and NH 3 from urban sources or long‐range transport of N species. Over Lake Dianchi in China, Zhan et al () estimated the highest value of N dry deposition flux (11.17 kgN·ha −1 ·year −1 ) with a contribution of 94% for gaseous N species (10.5 ± 0.3 kgN·ha −1 ·year −1 ) and 6% for particulate inorganic N species (0.67 ± 0.1 kgN·ha −1 ·year −1 ).…”

“…Dry deposition fluxes over reservoirs or water bodies are scarce in the literature, particularly for gaseous species. Indeed, studies on nitrogen deposition to water surface (rivers, bays, and lakes) have rather focused on dry deposition of aerosol particles (Chen et al, ; Gao, ; Jung et al, ). For example, Ayars and Gao () estimated a total particulate N ( p NH 4 + + p NO 3 − ) dry deposition of 1.54 kgN·ha −1 ·year −1 over the Mullica River‐Great Bay Estuary.…”

“…Studies of N input to various water surfaces (coastal, lake, river, and ocean) indicate that atmospheric nitrogen deposition represents a significant amount of the total nitrogen input (Canham et al, ; Gao et al, ; Jung et al, ; Qi et al, ; Whitall et al, ). Recent N deposition‐monitoring studies also showed very high N deposition rates at several observation sites including agricultural catchments in different regions of East Asia (Pan et al, ; Shen et al, ; Sugimoto & Tsuboi, ).…”