“…NASA [4,5] and ESA [6] use two widely separated antennas to track a transmitting spacecraft by measuring the phase difference and the related time difference (phase delay) between signals arriving at the two stations (e.g., Goldstone and Cerebros, about 8 000 km apart, Cerebros and New Norcia), a technique known as Differential One-way Range (delta-DOR) [2,6]. Theoretically, the delay depends only on the positions of the two antennas and the spacecraft, but, in practice, the delay is affected by several sources of error, one of which is the Earth's troposphere.…”