Atmospheric Distribution of PAHs and Quinones in the Gas and PM1 Phases in the Guadalajara Metropolitan Area, Mexico: Sources and Health Risk

Ojeda-Castillo, Valeria; López-López, Alberto; Hernández-Mena, Leonel; Murillo-Tovar, Mario Alfonso; Díaz-Torres, José de Jesús; Hernández‐Paniagua, Iván Y.; Real-Olvera, Jorge del; León-Becerril, Elizabeth

doi:10.3390/atmos9040137

Cited by 10 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 74 publications

(101 reference statements)

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“…It was the most abundant quinone in the gas phase (9.0 ± 4.8 ng m −3 ), followed by the 1,4-AQ (7.4 ± 2.0 ng m −3 ), whereas the 1,4-AQ predominated (4.0 ± 0.90 ng m −3 ) in PM 1 . The concentrations found under this sampling scheme are between 2.5 and 4.5 times higher than those previously reported (2015) at TLA using sampling periods of 24 h [44]. These measurements can be explained by the decrease in positive and negative sampling artefacts.…”

Section: Ambient Levels and Distributioncontrasting

confidence: 50%

“…The results of our previous study [44] carried out in April-June 2015 during sampling periods of 24 h in TLA obtained an average of Σ 16 PAH in the gas phase of 137 ± 37.7 ng m −3 and Σ 16 PAH in PM 1 of 7.25 ± 8.34 ng m −3 . Comparing each 4 h period in this study was 1.7 to 3.17 times higher in the gas phase and 0.74 to 1.63 times higher in PM 1 .…”

Section: Ambient Levels and Distributionmentioning

confidence: 88%

“…Prior to extraction, quartz filters and PXP were spiked with surrogates (SS) (Sigma-Aldrich) at 1600 ng [44,45]. This step was repeated twice, each one with a clean solvent (to improve the extraction efficiency),…”

Section: Analytical Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Prior to extraction, quartz filters and PXP were spiked with surrogates (SS) (Sigma-Aldrich) at 1600 ng mL −1 (fluorene-d10, fluoranthene-d10, pyrene-d10, benzo[a]pyrene-d10, 1,4-naphthoquinone-d6, anthraquinone-d8) to quantify the effect of the sample processing methodology on the analytes of interest. The extraction of PAHs and quinones from the gas and PM 1 phases was performed using methylene chloride (25 mL for PM 1 and 40 mL for the gas phase) of HPLC grade (Honeywell Burdick & Jackson Company, Muskegon, MI, USA) in an ultrasonic bath (Branson model 5800, Emerson Electronic Co., Wallingford, CT, USA) at 45 • C for 30 min [44,45]. This step was repeated twice, each one with a clean solvent (to improve the extraction efficiency), recovering the extractant in a flask.…”

Section: Analytical Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Observed Daily Profiles of Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons and Quinones in the Gas and PM1 Phases: Sources and Secondary Production in a Metropolitan Area of Mexico

et al. 2019

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The diel variation of meteorological conditions strongly influences the formation processes of secondary air pollutants. However, due to the complexity of sampling highly reactive chemical compounds, significant information about their transformation and source can be lost when sampling over long periods, affecting the representativeness of the samples. In order to determine the contribution of primary and secondary sources to ambient levels of polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and quinones, measurements of gas and PM1 phases were conducted at an urban site in the Guadalajara Metropolitan Area (GMA) using a 4-h sampling protocol. The relation between PAHs, quinones, criteria pollutants, and meteorology was also addressed using statistical analyses. Total PAHs (gas phase + PM1 phase) ambient levels ranged between 184.03 ng m−3 from 19:00 to 23:00 h and 607.90 ng m−3 from 07:00 to 11:00 h. These figures both coincide with the highest vehicular activity peak in the morning and at night near the sampling site, highlighting the dominant role of vehicular emissions on PAHs levels. For the gas phase, PAHs ranged from 177.59 to 595.03 ng m−3, while for PM1, they ranged between 4.81 and 17.44 ng m−3. The distribution of the different PAHs compounds between the gas and PM1 phases was consistent with their vapour pressure (p °L) reported in the literature, the PAHs with vapour pressure ≤ 1 × 10−3 Pa were partitioned to the PM1, and PAHs with vapour pressures ≥ 1 × 10−3 Pa were partitioned to the gas phase. PAHs diagnostic ratios confirmed an anthropogenic emission source, suggesting that incomplete gasoline and diesel combustion from motor vehicles represent the major share of primary emissions. Quinones ambient levels ranged between 18.02 ng m−3 at 19:00–23:00 h and 48.78 ng m−3 at 15:00–19:00 h, with significant increases during the daytime. The distribution of quinone species with vapour pressures (p °L) below 1 × 10−4 Pa were primarily partitioned to the PM1, and quinones with vapour pressures above 1 × 10−4 Pa were mainly partitioned to the gas phase. The analysis of the distribution of phases in quinones suggested emissions from primary sources and their consequent degradation in the gas phase, while quinones in PM1 showed mainly secondary formation modulated by UV, temperature, O3, and wind speed. The sampling protocol proposed in this study allowed obtaining detailed information on PAHs and quinone sources and their secondary processing to be compared to existing studies within the GMA.

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Section: Ambient Levels and Distributioncontrasting

confidence: 50%

Section: Ambient Levels and Distributionmentioning

confidence: 88%

Section: Analytical Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Analytical Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Observed Daily Profiles of Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons and Quinones in the Gas and PM1 Phases: Sources and Secondary Production in a Metropolitan Area of Mexico

et al. 2019

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“…Similarly, Ojeda-Castillo et al [32] carried out a simultaneous sampling of gas phase and PM 1 for the 16 priority PAHs and 8 quinones during the warm dry season of 2015 in the Centro and Tlaquepaque, being the first time that this particle size is measured in conjunction with the organic gas phase in the GMA. The levels of Σ 16 PAHs (sum of gas phase and PM 1 ) were found in the range of 69.34-209.77 ng m −3 .…”

Section: Organic Components As Emission Indicators (Polycyclic Aromatmentioning

confidence: 99%

Air Pollution in an Urban Area of Mexico: Sources of Emission (Vehicular, Natural, Industrial, and Brick Production)

Ojeda-Castillo¹,

Alonso-Romero²,

Mena³

et al. 2019

Air Pollution - Monitoring, Quantification and Removal of Gases and Particles

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In recent years, the interest in aerosol particles has increased due to concerns about the effects on human health. The study of the chemical characterization (organic matter, sulfates, nitrates, and black carbon) has improved the knowledge about the negative contribution of chemicals to the environment. The identification of secondary processes (from pollutants such as SO 2 , NO x , and PAHs) and their role when combined with environmental factors such as humidity, solar radiation, and temperature are also of interest. With this background, this chapter seeks to highlight the most recent findings on the chemical composition of aerosol particles in the ambient air of one of the main cities of Mexico: the Metropolitan Area of Guadalajara. This megalopolis has almost 60% of the population of the Jalisco state, approximately 2.2 million vehicles and an extensive artisan brick production. Furthermore, due to its geographical position, it experiences frequent episodes of thermal inversion and exposition to high levels of solar radiation, mainly during the first half of the year.

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Monitoring of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by polyurethane foam-passive air samplers in Bangladesh: Source apportionment and health risk assessment

Nargis

Habib

Zhao

et al. 2022

Atmospheric Environment

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Atmospheric Distribution of PAHs and Quinones in the Gas and PM1 Phases in the Guadalajara Metropolitan Area, Mexico: Sources and Health Risk

Cited by 10 publications

References 74 publications

Observed Daily Profiles of Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons and Quinones in the Gas and PM1 Phases: Sources and Secondary Production in a Metropolitan Area of Mexico

Observed Daily Profiles of Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons and Quinones in the Gas and PM1 Phases: Sources and Secondary Production in a Metropolitan Area of Mexico

Air Pollution in an Urban Area of Mexico: Sources of Emission (Vehicular, Natural, Industrial, and Brick Production)

Monitoring of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by polyurethane foam-passive air samplers in Bangladesh: Source apportionment and health risk assessment

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