Atmospheric chemistry of automotive lead

Biggins, Peter D. E.; Harrison, Roy M.

doi:10.1021/es60153a017

Cited by 100 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…39 On a weight basis, the Pb:Cl ratio is 5.9:1 and the Pb:Br ratio is 2.6:1. Since reactions occur after the Pb is emitted releasing Cl and Br, the 1:1:1 molar ratio cannot be assumed in the atmosphere.…”

Section: Mass Balancementioning

confidence: 99%

The Denver Winter Aerosol: A Comprehensive Chemical Characterization

Countess

Wolff

Cadle

1980

Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association

137

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Section: Mass Balancementioning

confidence: 99%

The Denver Winter Aerosol: A Comprehensive Chemical Characterization

Countess

Wolff

Cadle

1980

Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association

137

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“…Over some period (depending upon the composition of the soil and the climate conditions), lead deposited on the soil from primary environmental sources is redistributed among various soil components [9]. As the lead becomes associated with soil phases such as the iron and manganese oxides and the clays [17], its original chemical identity, or fingerprint, will be lost. Automotive exhaust lead emitted as fine particles (0.01-1.5 Ìm) in the form of lead bromochloride (PbBrCl), when the scavengers 1,2-dichloroethane and 1,2-dibromoethane are present in gasoline, can readily be identified by SEM/EDS analysis [8].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Comparison of the Lead Particle Content of Indoor Dust before and after a Lead Paint Abatement: A New Source of Lead Recontamination

Hunt

Hawkins

Gilligan

et al. 1998

Indoor Built Environ

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The lead particle content of floor dust in a housing unit scheduled for interior lead paint hazard removal was characterised microscopically to identify the contributing source(s) of the lead. It was hypothesised that elevated levels of lead in the dust resulted from the deterioration of the lead-based paint on the indoor surfaces. The question of lead particle source attribution was addressed using a combination of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). SEM/EDS provided data on the size, shape, and composition of the individual lead-containing dust particles. The floor dusts which were analysed contained a variety of lead particle types and eight of these types from several rooms exhibited unique morphological and/or chemical characteristics. These were variously classified as lead paint particles. The lead levels in the floor dusts prior to the abatement were ≥100 µg·ft^–2. The floor dust lead concentrations immediately following the abatement were all less than the pre-abatement levels, but a re-sampling 2 months after the abatement found that the amount of lead in two of the rooms was approximately 3 and 4.5 times higher than the levels prior to the abatement. SEM/EDS analysis of the floor dusts samples collected 2 months after the abatement showed that in these two rooms the constituent particulate lead differed from that in any of the pre-abatement dusts. Following attempts to identify possible sources of recontamination, it was found that this previously unidentified particulate lead was consistent in form with lead scraped from the interior of one of the radiators which had been removed from the complex some time after the abatement. Residual water spilling from the radiators during the course of removal was, in all likelihood, the cause of the unexpectedly elevated dust lead levels.

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“…Before the ban on sales of leaded gasoline, lead particles were emitted to the atmosphere from automobile exhaust as lead halides (mostly PbBrCl) and as double salts with ammonium halides (e.g., 2PbBrCl·NH 4 Cl, Pb 3 [PO 4 ] 2 , and PbSO 4 ) (Biggins and Harrison 1979;Ter Haar and Bayard 1971). After 18 hours, approximately 75% of the bromine and 30-40% of the chlorine was released, and lead carbonates, oxycarbonates and oxides were produced.…”

Section: Airmentioning

confidence: 99%