Atmospheric and geogenic CO2 within the crown and root of spruce (Picea abies L. Karst.) growing in a mofette area

Plant responses to volcanically elevated CO<sub>2</sub> in two Costa Rican forests

“…It averages 4-15 m in height and grows primarily in early and late secondary forests (Kappelle et al, 1996;Norman, 2000). A. acuminata is a nitrogen-fixing pioneer species exotic to the tropics that can survive at elevations from 1500 to 3400 m, although it is most commonly found between 2000 and 2800 m (Weng et al, 2004). The trees we measured had DBH ranging from 14.3 to 112 cm, with an average of 57.14 cm.…”

“…Most previous studies focused on extreme conditions, such as tree kill areas associated with extraordinarily high CO 2 emissions at Mammoth Mountain, CA (USA; Biondi and Fessenden, 1999;Farrar et al, 1995;Sorey et al, 1998). However, the nonlethal effects of cold volcanic CO 2 emissions -away from the peak emission zones, but still in the theorized fertilization window -have received little attention and could offer a new approach for studying the effects of elevated CO 2 on ecosystems (Cawse- Nicholson et al, 2018;Vodnik et al, 2018). The broad flanks of active volcanoes experience diffuse emissions of excess CO 2 because the underlying active magma bodies continuously release gas, dominated by CO 2 transported to the surface along fault lines (Chiodini et al, 1998;Dietrich et al, 2016;Farrar et al, 1995).…”