Atmospheric Abundances, Trends and Emissions of CFC-216ba, CFC-216ca and HCFC-225ca

Kloss, Corinna; Newland, Mike J.; Oram, D. E.; Fraser, Paul J.; Brenninkmeijer, Carl A. M.; Röckmann, Thomas; Laube, Johannes C.

doi:10.3390/atmos5020420

Cited by 9 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 27 publications

(45 reference statements)

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“…However, the highest mole fractions of the flights in late 2013 slightly exceed the monthly mean values at the in situ stations (Figures and S1). This can have been partly caused by a lag of the declining trend due to the transit time of surface air massess to these altitudes (>11 km) or by input from fresh pollution, which was also found for some other compounds in some of these samples [ Kloss et al , ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Abrupt reversal in emissions and atmospheric abundance of HCFC-133a (CF₃ CH₂ Cl)

Vollmer

Rigby

Laube

et al. 2015

Geophys. Res. Lett.

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Hydrochlorofluorocarbon HCFC‐133a (CF3CH2Cl) is an anthropogenic compound whose consumption for emissive use is restricted under the Montreal Protocol. A recent study showed rapidly increasing atmospheric abundances and emissions. We report that, following this rise, the atmospheric abundance and emissions have declined sharply in the past three years. We find a Northern Hemisphere HCFC‐133a increase from 0.13 ppt (dry‐air mole fraction in parts per trillion) in 2000 to 0.50 ppt in 2012–mid‐2013 followed by an abrupt drop to ∼0.44 ppt by early 2015. Global emissions derived from these observations peaked at 3.1 kt in 2011, followed by a rapid decline of ∼0.5 kt yr−2 to reach 1.5 kt yr−1 in 2014. Sporadic HCFC‐133a pollution events are detected in Europe from our high‐resolution HCFC‐133a records at three European stations, and in Asia from samples collected in Taiwan. European emissions are estimated to be <0.1 kt yr−1 although emission hot spots were identified in France.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Abrupt reversal in emissions and atmospheric abundance of HCFC-133a (CF₃ CH₂ Cl)

Vollmer

Rigby

Laube

et al. 2015

Geophys. Res. Lett.

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“…The discovery of HCFC‐31 in the global background atmosphere during this study and other examples of recently found, nonreported substances [ Kloss et al , ; Laube et al , ; Vollmer et al , ], highlights the necessity of a continuous top‐down monitoring of feedstock, intermediates, and products, even if production processes are designed not to lead to such emissions. Therefore, HCFC‐31 should be further monitored to ensure that its decline continues and additional efforts are needed to isolate the specific emission sources.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In 2012, they reached mole fractions of 219.8 ppt (parts per trillion, 10 −12 ), 22.5 ppt, and 22.0 ppt, respectively, in the global background atmosphere [ Carpenter et al , ]. In addition to these abundant HCFCs, there are a number of minor HCFCs, such as HCFC‐133a (C 2 H 2 ClF 3 ) [ Laube et al , ] and HCFC‐225ca (C 3 HCl 2 F 5 ) [ Kloss et al , ], which were observed recently in the current atmosphere or in archived air samples. Despite the Montreal Protocol regulations for developed countries, most of these HCFCs are still increasing in the troposphere, due to the allowed, growing use in developing countries.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

First observations, trends, and emissions of HCFC‐31 (CH₂ClF) in the global atmosphere

Schoenenberger

Vollmer

Rigby

et al. 2015

Geophysical Research Letters

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We report the first multiyear atmospheric record of HCFC-31 (CH 2 ClF), based on flask samples and in situ analyses of air from both hemispheres. Although HCFC-31 has never been produced in large amounts, observed mole fractions in the Northern Hemisphere increased from 2000 onward, reaching 170 ppq (parts per quadrillion, 10 À15) in 2011-2012 before decreasing rapidly. By combining our observations with a two-dimensional atmospheric chemistry-transport model, we infer an increase in global emissions from 240 t yr À1 in 2000 to 840 t yr À1 in 2011-2012, followed by a relatively fast decline to 570 t yr À1 in 2014. Emissions of HCFC-31 originate most probably from intermediate product release during the manufacturing process of HFC-32 (CH 2 F 2). The rapid decline in recent years could be due to changes in production methods rather than declines in diffusive sources such as landfills or HCFC-31 contaminations in merchandised HFC-32.

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“…It is apparent that both the aircraft and the balloon data follow the ground-based trends quite well for all six gases. Slightly enhanced mixing ratios can often be observed in the vicinity of the tropopause, mostly due to recent influences from regional emissions (Kloss et al, 2014, Leedham Elvidge et al, 2015, Oram et al, 2017. This is especially pronounced in the research aircraft data from 2017, which belong to a campaign (Höpfner et al, 2019) exploring the atmospheric composition above the polluted Asian Monsoon region (Randel et al, 2010, Vogel et al, 2019.…”

Section: Observational Data Overview and Comparisonsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigating stratospheric changes between 2009 and 2018 with aircraft, AirCores, and a global model focusing on CFC-11

Laube

Elvidge

Adcock

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Abstract. We present new observations of trace gases in the stratosphere based on a cost-effective sampling technique that can access much higher altitudes than aircraft. The further development of this method now provides detection of species with abundances in the parts per trillion (ppt) range and below. We obtain mixing ratios for six gases (CFC-11, CFC-12, HCFC-22, H-1211, H-1301, and SF6), all of which are important for understanding stratospheric ozone depletion and circulation. After demonstrating the quality of the data through comparisons with ground-based records and aircraft-based observations we combine them with the latter to demonstrate its potential. We first compare it with results from a global model driven by three widely used meteorological reanalyses. Secondly, we focus on CFC-11 as recent evidence has indicated renewed atmospheric emissions of that species relevant on a global scale. Because the stratosphere represents the main sink region for CFC-11, potential changes in stratospheric circulation and troposphere-stratosphere exchange fluxes have been identified as the largest source of uncertainty for the accurate quantification of such emissions. Our observations span over a decade (up until 2018) and therefore cover the period of the slowdown of CFC-11 global mixing ratio decreases measured at the Earth's surface. The spatial and temporal coverage of the observations is insufficient for a global quantitative analysis, but we do find some trends that are in contrast with expectations; indicating that the stratosphere may have contributed to the slower concentration decline in recent years. Further investigating the reanalysis-driven model data we find that the required dynamical changes in the stratosphere required to explain the apparent change in tropospheric CFC-11 emissions after 2013 are possible, but with a very high uncertainty range. This is partly caused by the high variability of mass flux from the stratosphere to the troposphere, especially at time scales of a few years, and partly by large differences between runs driven by different reanalysis products, none of which agree with our observations well enough for such a quantitative analysis.

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Atmospheric Abundances, Trends and Emissions of CFC-216ba, CFC-216ca and HCFC-225ca

Cited by 9 publications

References 27 publications

Abrupt reversal in emissions and atmospheric abundance of HCFC-133a (CF₃ CH₂ Cl)

Abrupt reversal in emissions and atmospheric abundance of HCFC-133a (CF₃ CH₂ Cl)

First observations, trends, and emissions of HCFC‐31 (CH₂ClF) in the global atmosphere

Investigating stratospheric changes between 2009 and 2018 with aircraft, AirCores, and a global model focusing on CFC-11

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Atmospheric Abundances, Trends and Emissions of CFC-216ba, CFC-216ca and HCFC-225ca

Cited by 9 publications

References 27 publications

Abrupt reversal in emissions and atmospheric abundance of HCFC-133a (CF3 CH2 Cl)

Abrupt reversal in emissions and atmospheric abundance of HCFC-133a (CF3 CH2 Cl)

First observations, trends, and emissions of HCFC‐31 (CH2ClF) in the global atmosphere

Investigating stratospheric changes between 2009 and 2018 with aircraft, AirCores, and a global model focusing on CFC-11

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Product

Resources

About

Abrupt reversal in emissions and atmospheric abundance of HCFC-133a (CF₃ CH₂ Cl)

Abrupt reversal in emissions and atmospheric abundance of HCFC-133a (CF₃ CH₂ Cl)

First observations, trends, and emissions of HCFC‐31 (CH₂ClF) in the global atmosphere