Atlas of the Mouse Spinal Cord

Watson, Charles; Paxinos, George; Kayalıoğlu, Gülgün; Heise, Claire E.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-374247-6.50020-1

Cited by 79 publications

(86 citation statements)

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“…Both antibodies detect a single 28-kDa band in Western blots of brain homogenates of tissue originating from several species including rat, rabbit, guinea pig, mouse, chicken, and zebrafish and do not stain any structures in the brains of calbindinD28k knockout mice (Swant, Bellinzona, Switzerland; Rabbit Calbindin (CB38), Mouse Calbindin (C300)). Staining of spinal cord sections with these antibodies immunostained the same cells (i.e., high density of cell bodies in upper lamina II-III and in the RCs ventrally) that are well described by us and many others (reviewed in Ren and Ruda, 1994;Alvarez and Fyffe, 2007;Watson et al, 2009). …”

Section: Marker Antibodiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Target selection of proprioceptive and motor axon synapses on neonatal V1‐derived Ia inhibitory interneurons and Renshaw cells

Siembab

Smith

Zagoraiou

et al. 2010

J of Comparative Neurology

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The diversity of premotor interneurons in the mammalian spinal cord is generated from a few phylogenetically conserved embryonic classes of interneurons (V0, V1, V2, V3). Their mechanisms of diversification remain unresolved, although these are clearly important to understand motor circuit assembly in the spinal cord. Some Ia inhibitory interneurons (IaINs) and all Renshaw cells (RCs) derive from embryonic V1 interneurons; however, in adult they display distinct functional properties and synaptic inputs, for example proprioceptive inputs preferentially target IaINs, while motor axons target RCs. Previously, we found that both inputs converge on RCs in neonates, raising the possibility that proprioceptive (VGLUT1-positive) and motor axon synapses (VAChT-positive) initially target several different V1 interneurons populations and then become selected or deselected postnatally. Alternatively, specific inputs might precisely connect only with predefined groups of V1 interneurons. To test these hypotheses we analyzed synaptic development on V1-derived IaINs and compared them to RCs of the same age and spinal cord levels. V1-interneurons were labeled using genetically encoded lineage markers in mice. The results show that although neonatal V1-derived IaINs and RCs are competent to receive proprioceptive synapses, these synapses preferentially target the proximal somato-dendritic regions of IaINs and postnatally proliferate on IaINs, but not on RCs. In contrast, cholinergic synapses on RCs are specifically derived from motor axons, while on IaINs they originate from Pitx2 V0c interneurons. Thus, motor, proprioceptive, and even some interneuron inputs are biased toward specific subtypes of V1-interneurons. Postnatal strengthening of these inputs is later superimposed on this initial preferential targeting. NIH-PA Author ManuscriptNIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author ManuscriptThe development of spinal cord local interneuronal circuits is currently poorly understood. Recent work has defined a relatively small number of cardinal interneurons in embryo that generates the much larger diversity of adult interneurons (Goulding, 2009). In the ventral horn just four embryonic subgroups (V0, V1, V2, V3) generate most adult premotor interneurons by diversification mechanisms that are currently largely unknown. Each group displays common properties that generally include origins from one type of progenitor cell (p0, p1, p2, p3), the direction taken by the primary axon, their cell migration and final location in the ventral horn with relation to motor pools, and their neurotransmitter phenotype. For example, V1 interneurons have common origins in the p1 progenitor area and are characterized by expression of the engrailed-1 (En-1) transcription factor. They migrate ventrolaterally, positioning themselves adjacent to motor pools, extend ascending axons that target ipsilateral motoneurons, and have an inhibitory phenotype (Matise and Joyner, 1997; Ericsson et al., 1997;Saueressig et al., 1999;Sapir et al., 2004;Alvarez et a...

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Section: Marker Antibodiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Target selection of proprioceptive and motor axon synapses on neonatal V1‐derived Ia inhibitory interneurons and Renshaw cells

Siembab

Smith

Zagoraiou

et al. 2010

J of Comparative Neurology

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“…The fabric side of the electrode was in contact with the body. This active electrode was placed over the vertebral column covering the lumbar enlargement area (Köbbert and Thanos, 2000;Watson et al, 2009). The reference electrode was an alligator clip attached to a flap of abdominal skin.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Cathodal Trans-Spinal Direct Current Stimulation on Mouse Spinal Network and Complex Multijoint Movements

Ahmed

2013

J. Neurosci.

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Cathodal trans-spinal direct current (c-tsDC) stimulation is a powerful technique to modulate spinal excitability. However, the manner in which c-tsDC stimulation modulates cortically evoked simple single-joint and complex multijoint movements is unknown. To address this issue, anesthetized mice were suspended with the hindlimb allowed to move freely in space. Simple and complex multijoint movements were elicited with short and prolonged trains of electrical stimulation, respectively, delivered to the area of primary motor cortex representing the hindlimb. In addition, spinal cord burst generators are known to be involved in a variety of motor activities, including locomotion, postural control, and voluntary movements. Therefore, to shed light into the mechanisms underlying movements modulated by c-tsDC stimulation, spinal circuit activity was induced using GABA and glycine receptor blockers, which produced three rates of spinal bursting activity: fast, intermediate, and slow. Characteristics of bursting activity were assessed during c-tsDC stimulation. During c-tsDC stimulation, significant increases were observed in (1) ankle dorsiflexion amplitude and speed; (2) ankle plantarflexion amplitude, speed, and duration; and (3) complex multijoint movement amplitude, speed, and duration. However, complex multijoint movement tracing showed that c-tsDC did not change the form of movements. In addition, spinal bursting activity was significantly modulated during c-tsDC stimulation: (1) fast bursting activity showed increased rate, amplitude, and duration; (2) intermediate bursting activity showed increased rate and duration, but decreased amplitude; and (3) slow bursting activity showed increased rate, but decreased duration and amplitude. These results suggest that c-tsDC stimulation amplifies cortically evoked movements through spinal mechanisms.

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“…The high spatial resolution of the 3D spinal cord microimages ( Fig. 1) allowed determination of anatomical landmarks and points of reference based on the mouse spinal cord atlas (Watson et al, 2009). For calculation of signal intensity (Fig.…”

Section: Image Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The images were crossreferenced against the appearance of the spinal cord from a histological mouse spinal cord atlas ( Fig. 6A; Watson et al, 2009). The minimum intensity image (Fig.…”

Section: Mrm Reveals Ultrastructures Of the Spinal Cordmentioning

confidence: 99%

Magnetic resonance microimaging of the spinal cord in the SOD1 mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis detects motor nerve root degeneration

et al. 2011

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Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is characterized by selective degeneration of motor neurons. Current imaging studies have concentrated on areas of the brain and spinal cord that contain mixed populations of sensory and motor neurons. In this study, magnetic resonance microimaging (MRM) was used to separate motor and sensory components by visualizing individual dorsal and ventral roots in fixed spinal cords.The high resolution of MRM enabled the axons of pure populations of sensory and motor neurons to be measured in the lumbar region of the SOD1 mouse model of ALS.MRM signal intensity was increased exclusively in the ventral motor nerve roots of the lumbar spinal cord of ALS-affected SOD1 mice compared to wildtype littermates. The hyperintensity was therefore limited to white matter tracts arising from the motor neurons, whereas sensory white matter fibers were unchanged. Significant decreases in ventral nerve root volume were also detected in the SOD1 mice, which correlated with the axonal degeneration observed by microscopy. These results demonstrate the usefulness of MRM in visualising the ultrastructure of the mouse spinal cord. The detailed 3D anatomy allowed the processes of pure populations of sensory and motor neurons to be compared.

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Atlas of the Mouse Spinal Cord

Cited by 79 publications

References 0 publications

Target selection of proprioceptive and motor axon synapses on neonatal V1‐derived Ia inhibitory interneurons and Renshaw cells

Target selection of proprioceptive and motor axon synapses on neonatal V1‐derived Ia inhibitory interneurons and Renshaw cells

Effects of Cathodal Trans-Spinal Direct Current Stimulation on Mouse Spinal Network and Complex Multijoint Movements

Magnetic resonance microimaging of the spinal cord in the SOD1 mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis detects motor nerve root degeneration

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