Atlantic herring low-frequency target strength and abundance estimation: Ocean acoustic waveguide remote sensing (OAWRS) 2006 Experiment in the Gulf of Maine.

Abstract

The mean low-frequency target strength (TS) of spawning Atlantic herring populations in the Gulf of Maine is estimated from the experimental data acquired during September–October 2006 near the northern flank of Georges Bank. A low-frequency OAWRS system with an instantaneous imaging diameter of 100 km was deployed to provide spatially unaliased imaging of fish populations over wide areas. The OAWRS system’s scattering strength measurements are calibrated with areal fish population density estimates obtained from concurrent localized line-transect measurements with several conventional fish finding sonars (CFFSs). Trawl sampling at selected locations enables the identification of the imaged species. The mean TS estimates of herring individuals exhibits significant variation over OAWRS operating frequency range, in accordance with the results from a resonant scattering model for swimbladder-bearing fish. The neutral buoyancy depth of herring and the species composition in the imaged population is inferred by comparing the measured TS with those derived from the model. Our analysis indicates that the herring population has a neutral buoyancy depth of between 70 and 90 m and is therefore negatively buoyant between 120 and 180 m water depth at which it is commonly found. The herring populations instantaneously imaged with OAWRS often exceeds 200×106, of which over 150×106 individuals can be organized into a large shoal.

High resolution population density imaging of random scatterers with the matched filtered scattered field variance

“…Shoaling Atlantic herring populations in the Gulf of Maine typically have volumetric densities near 0.05 fish/ m 3 . 26,27 On rare occasions, however, they have been known to cluster in relatively dense schools with volumetric densities of 1 fish/ m 3 as was the case for the school observed here. Figure 6͑a͒ shows an echosounder imagery of the herring school centered at 125 m depth in waters 200 m deep acquired at Georges Basin in the Gulf of Maine on September 22, 2006 using a Simrad EK60 echosounder operating at 38 kHz.…”

Acoustic Clutter and Ocean Acoustic Waveguide Remote Sensing (OAWRS) in Continental Shelf Environments

“…Experimental data in the frequency range from 300 Hz to 1.2 kHz was also used to estimate mean low frequency target strength (TS) of spawning Atlantic herring populations in the Gulf of Maine [3]. These TS estimates exhibit significant variation over this frequency range (300 Hz to 1.2 kHz), in accordance with a physics-based resonant scattering model for swimbladder-bearing fish.…”

“…We applied OAWRS in Sept-Oct 2006 in conjunction with the National Marine Fisheries (NMF) Annual Herring Survey of Georges Bank and the Gulf of Maine in a multinational, multi-institutional oceanographic experiment sponsored by ONR, NOPP and the Sloan Foundation [3]. We observed a startling new pattern of diurnal behavior, and many other discoveries about the migrations of spawning herring, their population, and the frequency dependence of scattering.…”