Athletes and doping: effects of drugs on the respiratory system

Dekhuijzen, P.N.R.; Machiels, Herwin A.; Heunks, Leo; Heijden, Erik H F M van der; Balkom, R.H.H. van

doi:10.1136/thx.54.11.1041

Cited by 18 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 80 publications

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“…Its mechanism of action includes the inhibition of phosphodiesterase with a consequent intracellular increase of cAMP and an alteration of calcium translocation via the ryanodine receptors [4]. The concentration of caffeine necessary to elicit this calcium release is high but it has been demonstrated that cyclic ADP-ribose can affect the action of caffeine on the induced calcium release and it follows that physiological doses of caffeine also could alter calcium availability via ryanodine receptors.…”

Section: Stimulantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Focusing the attention on the role of respiratory drugs, the first question is: can the function of the respiratory system be improved in athletes? [4]. It might be worthwhile to discuss the possible actions on the most important functional respiratory parameters.…”

Section: Natural Limits To Doping Methods In the Endurance Performancesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In practice apart from the action on skeletal muscles, no significant and reproducible action has been shown on diaphragm and on aerobic capacity [4].…”

Section: Antileukotriensmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Doping and Respiratory System

Casali

Pinchi

Puxeddu

2016

Monaldi Arch Chest Dis

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Historically many different drugs have been used to enhance sporting performances. The magic elixir is still elusive and the drugs are still used despite the heavy adverse effects. The respiratory system is regularly involved in this research probably because of its central location in the body with several connections to the cardiovascular system. Moreover people are aware that O2 consumption and its delivery to mitochondria firstly depend on ventilation and on the respiratory exchanges. The second step consists in the tendency to increase V’O2 max and to prolong its availability with the aim of improving the endurance time and to relieve the fatigue. Many methods and substances had been used in order to gain an artificial success. Additional oxygen, autologous and homologous transfusion and erithropoietin, mainly the synthetic type, have been administered with the aim of increasing the amount of oxygen being delivered to the tissues. Some compounds like stimulants and caffeine are endowed of excitatory activity on the CNS and stimulate pulmonary ventilation. They did not prove to have any real activity in supporting the athletic performances. Beta-adrenergic drugs, particularly clenbuterol, when administered orally or parentherally develop a clear illicit activity on the myosin fibres and on the muscles as a whole. Salbutamol, terbutaline, salmeterol and formoterol are legally admitted when administrated by MDI in the treatment of asthma. The prevalence of asthma and bronchial hyperactivity is higher in athletes than amongst the general population. This implies that clear rules must be provided to set a correct diagnosis of asthma in the athletes and a correct therapy to align with the actual guidelines according to the same rights of the “other” asthmatic patients.

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Section: Stimulantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Natural Limits To Doping Methods In the Endurance Performancesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Doping and Respiratory System

Casali

Pinchi

Puxeddu

2016

Monaldi Arch Chest Dis

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“…In modern sports, many types of doping drugs have been used by athletes to improve athletic performance despite many negative reactions and side effects 8,9) . β2-agonists, such as clenbuterol, salbutamol, and fenoterol ( Fig.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…β2-agonists, such as clenbuterol, salbutamol, and fenoterol ( Fig. 1), increase muscle mass and power 8,9) . According to the recent reports by the World Anti-Doping Agency, the β2-agonist clenbuterol was the seventh most commonly used anabolic agent in 2009 (67 cases; 2.0% of all anabolic agents used).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of β2-agonists and exercise on β2-adrenergic receptor signaling in skeletal muscles

Sato

Shirato

Kizaki

et al. 2012

JPFSM

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In this review, we discuss the anabolic and metabolic responses of skeletal muscles to β2-agonists and exercise. β2-agonists increase muscle mass, particularly in fast-twitch muscles. Exercise positively regulates glucose homeostasis, mitochondrial biogenesis, and metabolic enzyme levels in skeletal muscles; whereas treatment with β2-agonists attenuates these beneficial effects. This review also describes the role of β2-adrenergic receptor (β2-AR) signaling molecules, such as cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element-binding protein, mitogen-activated protein kinase, and Akt/protein kinase B, in the response of skeletal muscles to β2-agonist treatment and exercise. For example, β2-agonists and exercise increase the phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase in slow-twitch muscles. Our interpretation of these findings is that β2-adrenergic receptor signaling plays a functional role in the anabolic and metabolic responses of skeletal muscles to β2-agonists and exercise.

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Noradrenergic Agents

Rangan¹

2012

Medical Toxicology of Drug Abuse

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Athletes and doping: effects of drugs on the respiratory system

Cited by 18 publications

References 80 publications

Doping and Respiratory System

Doping and Respiratory System

Effects of β2-agonists and exercise on β2-adrenergic receptor signaling in skeletal muscles

Noradrenergic Agents

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