Atherosclerosis in the Masai1

Mann, George V.; Spoerry, Anne; Gray, Michael P.; Jarashow, D

doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a121365

Cited by 117 publications

(40 citation statements)

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“…They concluded that such compensatory luminal enlargement in blacks versus whites may account for the relatively less clinical ischemic heart disease observed in blacks. 23,24 Later studies confirmed these conclusions. 25,26 Of note, in the current study, the effects of carotid IMT and MAP on lumen diameter were relatively stronger in blacks versus whites, suggesting that the adverse effects of these risk variables on the arterial wall were more than compensated by excess luminal enlargement in this racial group.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 84%

Correlates of Common Carotid Artery Lumen Diameter in Black and White Younger Adults

Ruan

Chen

Srinivasan

et al. 2009

Stroke

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Background and Purpose-Vascular remodeling as depicted by increases in arterial lumen diameter occurs in response to development of atherosclerosis. However, data on the correlates of arterial lumen diameter in younger adults by race and sex are limited. Methods-The study cohort included 734 white and 306 black subjects, aged 20 to 43 years, enrolled in the Bogalusa Heart Study. The common carotid artery lumen diameter at diastole and intima media thickness (IMT) were measured by Mand B-mode ultrasonography, respectively. Results-As a group, blacks versus whites (3.44 mm/m versus 3.37 mm/m, Pϭ0.002) and males versus females (3.45 mm/m versus 3.35 mm/m, PϽ0.001) had greater height-adjusted lumen diameter. In multivariate analyses of total sample, body mass index, mean arterial pressure, heart rate, and carotid IMT were independent predictors of height-adjusted lumen diameter. The magnitude of the effects of mean arterial pressure and carotid IMT on height-adjusted lumen diameter was significantly different between races with blacks showing greater slopes (difference in slopes: Pϭ0.011 for mean arterial pressure; Pϭ0.033 for IMT); interaction effects of body mass index and mean arterial pressure with sex on height-adjusted lumen diameter were also noted with males showing steeper slopes (difference in slopes: Pϭ0.003 for body mass index; Pϭ0.005 for mean arterial pressure). In addition, the lumen diameter-carotid IMT relationship was stronger in hypertensives than in normotensives (difference in slopes: Pϭ0.038). Conclusions-Common carotid artery lumen diameter is influenced by carotid artery IMT, adiposity, and blood pressure in a race-and sex-specific manner in asymptomatic younger adults, which may have implications for preventive cardiology.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 84%

Correlates of Common Carotid Artery Lumen Diameter in Black and White Younger Adults

Ruan

Chen

Srinivasan

et al. 2009

Stroke

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“…The most common probiotics are lactobacilli and bifidobacteria (113) . The notion that probiotics may impact on CVD risk stems from early suggestions that yoghurt consumption may reduce blood cholesterol levels in nomadic dairying peoples (114,115) . Some studies from the 1970s and 1980s found that cholesterol levels could be reduced following consumption of large volumes of yoghurt or fermented milk (114)(115)(116) .…”

Section: Reducing Cvd Risk With Probioticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The notion that probiotics may impact on CVD risk stems from early suggestions that yoghurt consumption may reduce blood cholesterol levels in nomadic dairying peoples (114,115) . Some studies from the 1970s and 1980s found that cholesterol levels could be reduced following consumption of large volumes of yoghurt or fermented milk (114)(115)(116) . For example, Mann et al (115) found that massive (4 l/d) consumption of milk fermented with a 'wild' strain of Lactobacillus, resulted in a significant reduction in serum cholesterol in twenty-four Maasai warriors.…”

Section: Reducing Cvd Risk With Probioticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some studies from the 1970s and 1980s found that cholesterol levels could be reduced following consumption of large volumes of yoghurt or fermented milk (114)(115)(116) . For example, Mann et al (115) found that massive (4 l/d) consumption of milk fermented with a 'wild' strain of Lactobacillus, resulted in a significant reduction in serum cholesterol in twenty-four Maasai warriors. However, many of these early studies used milk or pasteurised yoghurt as control, confounding interpretation and also, did not characterise the microorganisms used to ferment the milk to any great extent.…”

Section: Reducing Cvd Risk With Probioticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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‘The way to a man's heart is through his gut microbiota’ – dietary pro- and prebiotics for the management of cardiovascular risk

2014

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The human gut microbiota has been identified as a possible novel CVD risk factor. This review aims to summarise recent insights connecting human gut microbiome activities with CVD and how such activities may be modulated by diet. Aberrant gut microbiota profiles have been associated with obesity, type 1 and type 2 diabetes and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Transfer of microbiota from obese animals induces metabolic disease and obesity in germ-free animals. Conversely, transfer of pathogen-free microbiota from lean healthy human donors to patients with metabolic disease can increase insulin sensitivity. Not only are aberrant microbiota profiles associated with metabolic disease, but the flux of metabolites derived from gut microbial metabolism of choline, phosphatidylcholine and l-carnitine has been shown to contribute directly to CVD pathology, providing one explanation for increased disease risk of eating too much red meat. Diet, especially high intake of fermentable fibres and plant polyphenols, appears to regulate microbial activities within the gut, supporting regulatory guidelines encouraging increased consumption of whole-plant foods (fruit, vegetables and whole-grain cereals), and providing the scientific rationale for the design of efficacious prebiotics. Similarly, recent human studies with carefully selected probiotic strains show that ingestion of viable microorganisms with the ability to hydrolyse bile salts can lower blood cholesterol, a recognised risk factor in CVD. Taken together such observations raise the intriguing possibility that gut microbiome modulation by whole-plant foods, probiotics and prebiotics may be at the base of healthy eating pyramids advised by regulatory agencies across the globe. In conclusion, dietary strategies which modulate the gut microbiota or their metabolic activities are emerging as efficacious tools for reducing CVD risk and indicate that indeed, the way to a healthy heart may be through a healthy gut microbiota.

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“…These people metabolize their cholesterol differently. 74 The mechanisms whereby dietary fibre influences serum cholesterol levels are open to question, but there is evidence that more bile acids are excreted in the large stools characteristic of an unrefined diet.75 Reabsorption of bile acids is thus reduced. Moreover, it seems likely that absorption of ingested cholesterol is reduced in the presence of a high fibre content in the faeces.76…”

Section: Effect Of Fibre On Intestinal Behaviour and Contentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Some diseases characteristic of modern western civilization

Burkitt

1973

Clinical Radiology

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Atherosclerosis in the Masai1

Cited by 117 publications

References 0 publications

Correlates of Common Carotid Artery Lumen Diameter in Black and White Younger Adults

Correlates of Common Carotid Artery Lumen Diameter in Black and White Younger Adults

‘The way to a man's heart is through his gut microbiota’ – dietary pro- and prebiotics for the management of cardiovascular risk

Some diseases characteristic of modern western civilization

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