Atherogenicity of amino acids in the lipid-laden macrophage model system in vitro and in atherosclerotic mice: a key role for triglyceride metabolism

Essential Role of Nonessential Amino Acid Glutamine in Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease

“…The pathophysiology of As is complicated. Recent studies revealed that amino acids are involved in the development of atherosclerotic lesions (Rom et al, 2017). Glutamine is the most abundant free amino acid in the human body (Huang et al, 2017;Kim and Kim, 2017a).…”

Exogenous (Pomegranate Juice) or Endogenous (Paraoxonase1) Antioxidants Decrease Triacylglycerol Accumulation in Mouse Cardiovascular Disease‐Related Tissues

“…The amount of tissue lipid peroxides was determined spectrophotometrically using a lipid peroxide assay, and were expressed as nmol lipid peroxides/mg protein (El‐Saadani et al, ). The contents of cholesterol and TAG were determined using the commercially available kits mentioned above, and were expressed as μg cholesterol or TAG/mg protein (Grajeda‐Iglesias et al, ; Rom et al, , b).…”

Soybean Oil Modulates the Gut Microbiota Associated with Atherogenic Biomarkers

“…As previously described [42,54,55], blood was collected from the retro-orbital plexus of each mouse under isoflurane anesthesia (via inhalation) after 16 h of overnight fasting. The serum was separated from the clotted blood by centrifugation (1000× g, 15 min) and kept at −80 • C. Serum cholesterol was measured using the Roche Diagnostics (Mannheim, Germany) Cholesterol Determination Kit.…”

“…As previously described [42,54,55], aortas were rapidly removed from the isoflurane-euthanized mice and kept at −80 • C. Subsequently, aortas were cleared of adhering fat and connective tissue and were then homogenized in 1 mL PBS using Polytron Homogenizer (Kinematica AG, Littau, Switzerland) at 60 W for 1 min. Aorta homogenates were then centrifuged (5000× g, 20 min) and the supernatants were analyzed for protein levels by the Lowry assay.…”

“…As previously described [42,54,55], MPM were harvested from the peritoneal fluid of the euthanized mice, 3 days after intraperitoneal injection of 3 mL of thioglycollate (40 g/L) in saline into each mouse. The cells (2-4 × 10 7 per mouse) were washed with PBS and centrifuged (1000× g, 10 min) and then resuspended in DMEM containing 1000 U/L penicillin, 100 mg/L streptomycin and 5% heat-inactivated FCS.…”