Atherogenic index of plasma as predictors for metabolic syndrome, hypertension and diabetes mellitus in Taiwan citizens: a 9-year longitudinal study

Abstract

Deeply involved with dyslipidemia, cardiovascular disease has becoming the leading cause of mortality since the early twentieth century in the modern world. Whose correlation with metabolic syndrome (MetS), hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has been well established. We conducted a 9-year longitudinal study to identify the association between easily measured lipid parameters, future MetS, hypertension and T2DM by gender and age distribution. Divided into three groups by age (young age: < 40, middle age: ≥ 40 and < 65 and old age: ≥ 65), 7670 participants, receiving standard medical inspection at Tri-Service General Hospital (TSGH) in Taiwan, had been enrolled in this study. Atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) was a logarithmically transformed ratio of triglyceride (TG)/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). Through multivariate regression analyses, the hazard ratio (HR) of AIP for MetS, hypertension and T2DM were illustrated. AIP revealed significant association with all the aforementioned diseases through the entire three models for both genders. Additionally, AIP revealed significant correlation which remained still after fully adjustment in MetS, hypertension, and T2DM groups for subjects aged 40–64-year-old. Nevertheless, for participants aged above 65-year-old, AIP only demonstrated significant association in MetS group. Our results explore the promising value of AIP to determine the high-risk subjects, especially meddle-aged ones, having MetS, hypertension, and T2DM in the present and the future.

Atherogenic Index of Plasma and Its Association with Risk Factors of Coronary Artery Disease and Nutrient Intake in Korean Adult Men: The 2013–2014 KNHANES

“…In addition, in this study, the prevalence of hypertension, dyslipidemia, stroke, and diabetes increased as the AIP quartile increased. It was suggested that AIP, which has already been verified as a predictor of CAD in many countries [ 13 , 14 , 15 ], could be a clinical indicator of vascular and metabolic diseases in Korea as well.…”

“…Based on this, there were various indices for predicting CVD, such as the TG/HDL-C ratio [ 11 ] and the atherogenic index (AI: LDL-C/HDL-C) [ 12 ]. Recently, the Atherogenic Index of Plasma (AIP) was introduced as a better marker for CAD than the conventional ratio in clinical studies [ 1 , 2 , 13 , 14 , 15 ].…”

A Risk-Stratification Machine Learning Framework for the Prediction of Coronary Artery Disease Severity: Insights From the GESS Trial

“…Similarly, SBP and DBP as well as the Atherogenic Index of Plasma belong to traditional risk indicators associated with the occurrence and development of CVDs ( 19 – 22 ). Also, AIP is proposed as a strong biomarker for predicting the risk of cardiovascular events in patients with Hypertension, Metabolic Syndrome and Diabetes Mellitus ( 23 , 24 ). Similarly, it has also been shown that BMI represents a significant prognostic indicator for various CVDs ( 25 ).…”

Changes in biomarkers of endothelial function in the blood after intracerebral hemorrhage in rats with type 2 diabetes mellitus

“…In turn, low HDL levels also negatively affect the function of β-cells both by reducing their sensitivity to glucose and by suppressing insulin secretion. However, increased levels of TG and free fatty acids along with a decrease in HDL levels can also be a consequence of insulin resistance, and the above phenomena can indicate the presence of a "vicious circle" (Li et al, 2021). On the other hand, it is known that increased levels of triglycerides promote atherogenesis under the arterial intima, as well as inhibiting fibrinolytic function and activating the extrinsic blood coagulation system, which leads to an increased risk of stroke.…”

“…Nowadays LDL is considered the main therapeutic target. However, even with complete recovery of LDL levels, the risk of cardiovascular events remains high (Li et al, 2021). In addition, hypertension and dyslipidemia lead to an imbalance in angiotensin II -bradykinin homeostasis, which is an additional factor in the development of ED and changes in blood vessels that contribute to atherosclerosis and thrombosis (Lancellotti et al, 2018).…”