ath-miR164c influences plant responses to the combined stress of drought and bacterial infection by regulating proline metabolism

Zhang

et al. 2021

IJMS

Plants have evolved diverse molecular mechanisms that enable them to respond to a wide range of pathogens. It has become clear that microRNAs, a class of short single-stranded RNA molecules that regulate gene expression at the transcriptional or post-translational level, play a crucial role in coordinating plant-pathogen interactions. Specifically, miRNAs have been shown to be involved in the regulation of phytohormone signals, reactive oxygen species, and NBS-LRR gene expression, thereby modulating the arms race between hosts and pathogens. Adding another level of complexity, it has recently been shown that specific lncRNAs (ceRNAs) can act as decoys that interact with and modulate the activity of miRNAs. Here we review recent findings regarding the roles of miRNA in plant defense, with a focus on the regulatory modes of miRNAs and their possible applications in breeding pathogen-resistance plants including crops and trees. Special emphasis is placed on discussing the role of miRNA in the arms race between hosts and pathogens, and the interaction between disease-related miRNAs and lncRNAs.

Section: Regulatory Modes Of Disease-related Mirnas In Plantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

miRNA Mediated Regulation and Interaction between Plants and Pathogens

Zhang

et al. 2021

IJMS

“…Recent studies in Arabidopsis reported the identification of key genes which confer resistance to combined biotic and abiotic stresses. The transcription factor gene G-Box Binding Factor 3 (GBF3), which regulates genes in the ABA signaling pathway (Dixit et al, 2019) and the micro-RNA gene ath-miR164c, which regulates genes involved in proline biosynthesis (Gupta et al, 2020), were found to confer tolerance to combined drought and infection by P. syringae in A. thaliana. Future studies should target the identification and characterization of more common regulators, while research in forest trees should prioritize the investigation of these genes.…”

Section: Responses Of Forest Trees To Combined Biotic and Abiotic Strmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Threat of the Combined Effect of Biotic and Abiotic Stress Factors in Forestry Under a Changing Climate

2020

Plants encounter several biotic and abiotic stresses, usually in combination. This results in major economic losses in agriculture and forestry every year. Climate change aggravates the adverse effects of combined stresses and increases such losses. Trees suffer even more from the recurrence of biotic and abiotic stress combinations owing to their long lifecycle. Despite the effort to study the damage from individual stress factors, less attention has been given to the effect of the complex interactions between multiple biotic and abiotic stresses. In this review, we assess the importance, impact, and mitigation strategies of climate change driven interactions between biotic and abiotic stresses in forestry. The ecological and economic importance of biotic and abiotic stresses under different combinations is highlighted by their contribution to the decline of the global forest area through their direct and indirect roles in forest loss and to the decline of biodiversity resulting from local extinction of endangered species of trees, emission of biogenic volatile organic compounds, and reduction in the productivity and quality of forest products and services. The abiotic stress factors such as high temperature and drought increase forest disease and insect pest outbreaks, decrease the growth of trees, and cause tree mortality. Reports of massive tree mortality events caused by “hotter droughts” are increasing all over the world, affecting several genera of trees including some of the most important genera in plantation forests, such as Pine, Poplar, and Eucalyptus. While the biotic stress factors such as insect pests, pathogens, and parasitic plants have been reported to be associated with many of these mortality events, a considerable number of the reports have not taken into account the contribution of such biotic factors. The available mitigation strategies also tend to undermine the interactive effect under combined stresses. Thus, this discussion centers on mitigation strategies based on research and innovation, which build on models previously used to curb individual stresses.

“…1-3). It is well documented that "plants under combined stresses exhibit a prominent shift in molecular responses compared with plants exposed to the same stresses independently" (Gupta et al 2020). The main mirror, which reflects any changes in stressful plants is the plant genes besides the morphological, physiological, biochemical and anatomical features.…”

Section: Changes In Cultivated Plants Under Stressmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These stresses include drought, salinity (Akcin et al 2017), waterlogging Tian et al 2021), high or low temperatures, high or low light, flooding, deficient or excess nutrients (Adejumo et al 2020) and heavy metals (Abdalla et al 2020;Stavridou et al 2021;Seleiman et al 2021). Several studies have been focused on the single or individual stress as a simple study but recently increasing concerns on combined stress have reported like drought and heat stress (Duc et al 2018;Parvathi et al 2020;Li et al 2021;Stavridou et al 2021), salinity and heat stress (Bayoumi et al 2021;Shalaby et al 2021), salinity and nutrient stress (Chrysargyris et al 2019;Pandey et al 2019), drought and pathogen infection (Dixit et al 2019;Gupta et al 2020), drought and element stress (Naz et al 2021), salinity and waterlogging stress (Duan et al 2018;Gill et al 2019;Cheng et al 2021), etc. Env.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anatomical Changes of Cultivated Plants under Combined Stress: An Urgent Need for Investigation

El-Ramady

Abdalla

El-Mahrouk

et al. 2021

EBSS

G LOBAL food production and its quality face a lot of challenges, which already decreased the availability of these foods. These challenges were mainly linked to global climate changes and their ramifications, which are expressed as environmental stresses like drought, flooding, low or high heat stress. The new pandemics like COVID-19 also represent a new challenge for the entire world. Although, there are increasing concerns about combined stress on cultivated plants, more studies are still needed to cover botanical issues including physiological, morphological, biochemical and histological traits. Further studies are required to focus on different combined or multiple stresses in particular the individual stress is rare in the nature. This is an invitation for publication reviews, comments, notes and original articles about the anatomical changes in stressful plants particularly under combined stress. The EBSS journal also welcomes the serious and promising studies, which will handle the environmental issues related to stress in the era of