At the intersection of culture and religion: A cultural analysis of religion's implications for secondary control and social affiliation.

Abstract

Religion helps people maintain a sense of control, particularly secondary control-acceptance of and adjustment to difficult situations--and contributes to strengthening social relationships in a religious community. However, little is known about how culture may influence these effects. The current research examined the interaction of culture and religion on secondary control and social affiliation, comparing people from individualistic cultures (e.g., European Americans), who tend to be more motivated toward personal agency, and people from collectivistic cultures (e.g., East Asians), who tend to be more motivated to maintain social relationships. In Study 1, an analysis of online church mission statements showed that U.S. websites contained more themes of secondary control than did Korean websites, whereas Korean websites contained more themes of social affiliation than did U.S. websites. Study 2 showed that experimental priming of religion led to acts of secondary control for European Americans but not Asian Americans. Using daily diary methodology, Study 3 showed that religious coping predicted more secondary control for European Americans but not Koreans, and religious coping predicted more social affiliation for Koreans and European Americans. These findings suggest the importance of understanding sociocultural moderators for the effects of religion.

INTERAKSI SOSIAL MUSLIM DAN BUDDHIS (Studi Deskriptif Kuantitatif di Daerah Purbayan, Baki, Sukoharjo Tahun 2016)

“…Agama ditemukan dalam berbagai bentuk budaya manusia dan menciptakan berjuta definisi di dalamnya (Sasaki & Kim, 2011). Indonesia sendiri yang dikenal sebagai salah satu negara dengan angka populasi terbesar di dunia memiliki beragam agama yang tumbuh dan mengakar dalam masyarakat.…”

“…Tingginya tingkat kehadiran seseorang dalam upacara atau kegiatan keagamaan menunjukkan identitas keagamaan yang kuat (Sasaki & Kim, 2011). Simbol keagamaan yang paling jelas terlihat dari rumah ibadah.…”

“…Kekerasan yang menggunakan simbolsimbol keagamaan menjadi masalah nasional di Indonesia bahkan telah menjadi isu internasional. Kasus demi kasus bermunculan pasca lengsernya orde baru (Sasaki & Kim, 2011).…”

“…Seperti agama yang telah berperan dalam pengembangan budaya, budaya dapat berperan sebagai bingkai yang kemudian dibuat bermakna oleh agama (Sasaki & Kim, 2011). Makna-makna yang diajarkan dari sebuah agama, kemudian diterapkan dalam hubungan sosial sehingga dapat membentuk sebuah pola.…”

How Religious Doubt Moderates Depression Symptoms Following Older Adult Bereavement

“…Death is permanent and irrevocable, and hence not amenable to coping using strategies that seek to undo the problem. Religion can offer a powerful form of secondary control, seeking to adapt to negative circumstances instead of trying to change them (Sasaki & Kim, 2011). Because primary control strategies may be of less use in bereavement than in coping with other forms of trauma, religious doubts that interfere with the ability to use religion as a source of secondary control may leave the bereaved person with few coping resources.…”