“…In addition to these aggregate changes in redistribution, researchers describe a qualitative shift in many European countries in the 2000s and 2010s, from a traditional risk-protection approach (e.g., unemployment protections) toward a human capital development approach (e.g., job training, child-care support) (Busemeyer, de la Porte, Garritzmann, & Pavolini, 2018;Cantillon, 2011;Pintelon, Cantillon, Van den Bosch, & Whelan, 2013). These changes were accompanied by changes in family-work arrangements (e.g., Hook, 2015;Saxonberg, 2013), market-based social protection (e.g., Greve, 2018;Natali, Keune, Pavolini, & Seeleib-Kaiser, 2018), and shifts in budgetary resources (e.g., Van Vliet & Wang, 2015). During the same period, the United States decentralized selected redistributive social programs and reformed social programs with the purpose of incentivizing work participation (Bruch, Meyers, & Gornick, 2018).…”