The question of Ukraine's relationship to Europe has commonly been addressed in Ukraine with the assertion that Ukrainians, above all, are Europeans, and that they equally share-and contribute to-the cultural and spiritual legacy of "European civilization." This question routinely comes up in today's political debates on Ukraine's future membership in the EU, its regionalism and relationship with Russia. It also defines numerous intellectual discussions on Ukrainian identity often seen by popular cultural analysts as split between, or stretched along, the East/West, Russian/Ukrainian, and Soviet/national axes. The search for closer ties with Europe inspires new interpretations of Ukraine's history and its intellectual, spiritual and cultural traditions. Emphasizing past political ties with Europe is one avenue currently being explored to assert Ukraine's rootedness in the European cultural space. Revived regionalism, as in the example of Western Ukraine, helps to reassert local identities according to the region's past membership in European states. Andriy Zayarniuk has discussed the current widespread "Habsburg nostalgia" and the new discourse on "Galician/Habsburgian" identity in Western Ukraine as it has been unfolding in L'viv's public sphere, media, literature, and historical research (2001). Insisting on the long existing civilizational ties between Europe's West and East, where Ukraine is usually understood to be located, is another avenue. Another Ukrainian historian, Yaroslav Hrytsak, advocating a new definition of Eastern Europe as a "second-hand" Europe, reminds us that in historical terms Ukrainians have predominantly been consumers of European cultural values rather than their purveyors (2005). Despite the differences