“…The concept of IUWRM involves a holistic and sustainable approach to managing water resources in urban areas, encompassing various aspects such as water supply, demand management, wastewater treatment, and stormwater management (Burn et al, 2012;Li et al, 2017;Pataki et al, 2011;van de Meene et al, 2011;Worku, 2017). This approach is particularly crucial in the face of rapid urbanization, which has led to increased water demand and environmental stress (Adams & Smiley, 2018;Laminu et al, 2021;Vo, 2007;Zhou et al, 2022). IUWRM emphasizes the integration of natural and engineered water systems, aiming to enhance resilience, reduce vulnerabilities, and address environmental injustices while maintaining critical ecological services (Li et al, 2017;Pataki et al, 2011).…”