“…In addition, a small delay may be enough to destabilize some systems (Hale, 1997). Thus, we consider fractional coupled systems (2.1)–(2.5) in which space-dependent coefficients, a convective term, and a delay are appended in the fractional PDE subsystem, which can be viewed as a supplement and extension of the systems (Amiri et al, 2021; Chen et al, 2020; Hou et al, 2022).…”