Asymptomatic pharyngeal carriage rate of Streptococcus pyogenes, its associated factors and antibiotic susceptibility pattern among school children in Hawassa town, southern Ethiopia

Anja, Asrat; Beyene, Getenet; S/mariam, Zewudineh; Daka, Deresse

doi:10.21203/rs.2.12479/v4

“…All GAS isolates were sensitive to penicillin in our study. The same high activity of penicillin had been reported in many countries, namely Ethiopia (14,15,32), Uganda (24), India (17), Nepal (22,28) and Argentina (26). Our ndings reveal that amoxicillin (89.8%) and ceftriaxone (95.9%) have slightly reduced sensitivity against S. pyogenes when compared to recently published publications in Senegal and Ethiopia (15,33).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

“…(95% CI; 8.1 % -13.7 %). A carrier rate comparable to ours has been recorded in Ethiopia (9.7% and 12.2%, respectively) (14,15), United Arab Emirates (10%) (21), Nepal (10.8%) (22), and Yemen (12.8%) (23). However, the prevalence was lower than those reported in Uganda (16.0 %) (24), Egypt (16%) (25), India (23.1%) (17), Argentina (14.2 %) (26) and Brazil (14.0 %) (27).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

“…Unlike a study by Asrat Anja (15), in this study Children living with non-immediate families were more than three times more likely to have Group A Streptococci / S. pyogenes than children living with their immediate family. Crowding and poor hygiene, therefore, increases the chance of the transmission of S. pyogenes (31).…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 82%

“…Our results showed a higher carriage rate than Gabon's 5.8% ( 27) and Nepal's 5.0 % (28). The possible reasons for the discrepancy include hygiene, awareness of the route of microbial disease transmission, sample size, seasonal change, and geography, and socio-demographic diversity (15,(23)(24)(25).…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 53%

“…A few studies were done in Africa on the GAS carriage which ranged around 9.0% (8). And there is scarcity of information in Ethiopia as well (14,15). Crowding, limited access to hygiene, inadequate medical care, housing quantity and quality, healthcare access and quality, education, or economic advantage are all risk factors for GAS infection or colonization (carriage) (1).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Throat Carriage rate, Associated Factors, and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern of Group A Streptococcus Among Healthy School Children in Jigjiga City, Eastern Ethiopia

Barsenga

¹

,

Miteku

²

,

Tesfa

³

et al. 2022

Preprint

0

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Background: Group A Streptococcus has been recognized as an important human pathogen and it remains among the top ten causes of mortality from an infectious disease. Group A Streptococcus throat carriage plays an important role in the development of infection and transmission to contacts. In Ethiopia, there is little information about screening of children for Group A Streptococcus carriage.Objective: This study was aimed to assess the magnitude of throat carriage, associated factors, and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of Group A Streptococus among healthy school children in Jigjiga city, Eastern Ethiopia from 12 April to 27 May 2021.Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 462 healthy school children in ages ranging from 7 to 14 years. The throat sample was collected using a sterile cotton swab. Identification of Group A Streptococcus was done by colony characterstics, gram staining, catalase negativity, bactricin sensitivity and Pyrrolidonyl arylamidase tests. Antibiotic susceptibility test was done on Muller-Hinton agar containing 5% sheep blood by modiﬁed Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Data on socio-demographic and related characteristics were gathered through interviews using a questionnaire. The data were double-checked, coded, cleaned, and entered onto EpiData Version 3.1 then exported to SPSS version 26.0 for analysis. Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression was used to determine the relationship between outcome and predictor variables. A p-value < 0.05 was taken as statistically significant.Results: The overall prevalence of Group A Streptococcus carriage was 10.6% (95%CI; 8.1% - 13.7%). Children who live with a family member with a sore throat (AOR=2.51; 95%CI 1.09–5.73), children who live with a large family (AOR=4.64; 95% CI 1.53–14.1), and children who live with non-immediate families (AOR= 3.65; 95% CI 1.39 – 9.61), showed significant association with Group A Streptococcus carriage. Tetracycline resistance was shown to be high, while antimicrobial drugs such as penicillin, amoxicillin, ceftriaxone, erythromycin, azithromycin, chloramphenicol, and vancomycin were found to be effective. Multi-drug resistance was found in 4.1 % of the isolates. Conclusion: The present study showed a significant throat carriage of Group A Streptococci/S. pyogenes in Jigjiga city school children. Family member with a sore throat, having a large family, and living with non-immediate families have all been identified as independent predictors of carriage prevalence. It is recommended that regular screening and surveillance should be conducted in schools.

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Asymptomatic nasopharyngeal bacterial carriage, multi-drug resistance pattern and associated factors among primary school children at Debre Berhan town, North Shewa, Ethiopia

Belayhun¹,

Tilahun

²

,

Seid

³

et al. 2023

Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob

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Background Nasopharyngeal carriage of bacteria is the main source for transmission of pathogens across individuals and horizontal spread of organisms in the community. It is an important risk factor for the acquisition of community-acquired respiratory tract infection. It is the major public health problem among children. The asymptomatic carriage of nasopharyngeal bacteria is different globally, particularly in Africa, carriage is higher in children and decreases with increasing age, 63.2% in children less than 5 years, 42.6% in children 5–15 years, and 28.0% in adults older than 15 years. Objective The aims of this study was to determine asymptomatic nasopharyngeal bacterial carriage, multi-drug resistance pattern and associated factors among primary school children at Debre Berhan town, North Shewa, Ethiopia. Methods Institutional based cross-sectional study was conducted at Debre Berhan town primary schools from February 1 to April 30, 2021. Primarily, the schools were stratified into two strata, public and private primary schools. From a total of sixteen government and fourteen private primary schools, five government and five private schools were selected by using a simple random sampling technique. Socio-demographic variables and potential risk factors were assessed using a structured questionnaire. A total of 384 nasopharyngeal swab samples were collected using sterile swabs aseptically; and inoculated on Blood agar, Chocolate agar, MacConkey agar, and Mannitol salt agar. The colony was characterized to isolate bacteria, and bacterial identification was performed by Gram reaction, hemolysis patterns, colonial characteristics and pigmentation, catalase test, coagulase test, mannitol fermentation test, oxidase test, fermentation of carbohydrates, H2S production, motility, formation of indole, triple sugar iron agar (TSI), citrate utilization, lysine decarboxylase or methyl red vogues proskur utilization, urea hydrolysis and satellitism tests. Antimicrobial sensitivity tests were performed by using modified Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Data were entered into statistical package Epi data 4.0.0.6 and transferred to and analyzed using SPSS software version-23. P value of < 0.05 with Odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CIs) was considered as statistically significant. Results The overall prevalence of nasopharyngeal carriage of bacterial isolate was 35.7% (95% CI 30.7–40.7%). The predominant isolates were Staphylococcus aureus 54.5% followed by coagulase-negative Staphylococcus 35.8%, and Streptococcus pyogens 4.5%. Most bacterial isolates were susceptible to chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, gentamycin, nitrofurantoin, azithromycin, ciprofloxacin; and the overall multidrug resistance pattern of isolated bacteria was 62.03% out of 137 bacterial isolates. Numbers of rooms ≤ 2 per house [AOR = 5.88, 95%CI 1.26–27.57], having history of hospitalization [AOR = 4.08, 95%CI 1.45–11.53], passive smoking [AOR = 4.87, 95%CI 1.49–15.97], family size of > 5 members [AOR = 2.17, 95%CI 1.24–3.81], and number of students in the classroom [AOR = 2.35,95%CI 1.37–4.02] were statistically significant associated risk factors for nasopharyngeal bacteria carriage. Conclusion Asymptomatic nasopharyngeal bacteria carriage in children is alarming for community-acquired infection. The overall multidrug resistance was very high. The risk of the carriage was increased with having a history of passive smoking, being in large family size and number of students per class. Longitudinal follow-up studies would be helpful for better understanding the infection risk in bacterial pathogen carriers.

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Throat Carriage Rate, Associated Factors, And Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern Of Group A Streptococcus Among Healthy School Children In Jigjiga City, Eastern Ethiopia

Barsenga

¹

,

Miteku

²

,

Tesfa

³

et al. 2022

Preprint

0

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Background: Group A Streptococcus has been recognized as an important human pathogen and it remains among the top ten causes of mortality from an infectious disease. Group A Streptococcus throat carriage plays an important role in the development of infection and transmission to contacts. In Ethiopia, there is little information about screening of children for Group A Streptococcus carriage.Objective: This study was aimed to assess the magnitude of throat carriage, associated factors, and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of Group A Streptococus among healthy school children in Jigjiga city, Eastern Ethiopia from 12 April to 27 May 2021.Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 462 healthy school children in ages ranging from 7 to 14 years. The throat sample was collected using a sterile cotton swab. Identification of Group A Streptococcus was done by colony characterstics, gram staining, catalase negativity, bactricin sensitivity and Pyrrolidonyl arylamidase tests. Antibiotic susceptibility test was done on Muller-Hinton agar containing 5% sheep blood by modiﬁed Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Data on socio-demographic and related characteristics were gathered through interviews using a questionnaire. The data were double-checked, coded, cleaned, and entered onto EpiData Version 3.1 then exported to SPSS version 26.0 for analysis. Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression was used to determine the relationship between outcome and predictor variables. A p-value < 0.05 was taken as statistically significant.Results: The overall prevalence of Group A Streptococcus carriage was 10.6% (95%CI; 8.1% - 13.7%). Children who live with a family member with a sore throat (AOR=2.51; 95%CI 1.09–5.73), children who live with a large family (AOR=4.64; 95% CI 1.53–14.1), and children who live with non-immediate families (AOR= 3.65; 95% CI 1.39 – 9.61), showed significant association with Group A Streptococcus carriage. Tetracycline resistance was shown to be high, while antimicrobial drugs such as penicillin, amoxicillin, ceftriaxone, erythromycin, azithromycin, chloramphenicol, and vancomycin were found to be effective. Multi-drug resistance was found in 4.1 % of the isolates. Conclusion: The present study showed a significant throat carriage of Group A Streptococci/S. pyogenes in Jigjiga city school children. Family member with a sore throat, having a large family, and living with non-immediate families have all been identified as independent predictors of carriage prevalence. It is recommended that regular screening and surveillance should be conducted in schools.

show abstract

Asymptomatic pharyngeal carriage rate of Streptococcus pyogenes, its associated factors and antibiotic susceptibility pattern among school children in Hawassa town, southern Ethiopia

Cited by 3 publications

References 2 publications

Throat Carriage rate, Associated Factors, and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern of Group A Streptococcus Among Healthy School Children in Jigjiga City, Eastern Ethiopia

Throat Carriage rate, Associated Factors, and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern of Group A Streptococcus Among Healthy School Children in Jigjiga City, Eastern Ethiopia

Asymptomatic nasopharyngeal bacterial carriage, multi-drug resistance pattern and associated factors among primary school children at Debre Berhan town, North Shewa, Ethiopia

Throat Carriage Rate, Associated Factors, And Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern Of Group A Streptococcus Among Healthy School Children In Jigjiga City, Eastern Ethiopia

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