Asymmetry of Musculature and Hand Grip Strength in Bodybuilders and Martial Artists

Burdukiewicz, Anna; Pietraszewska, Jadwiga; Andrzejewska, Justyna; Chromik, Krystyna; Stachoń, Aleksandra

doi:10.3390/ijerph17134695

Cited by 28 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…Regarding gender differences, previous studies have found higher hand grip strength values generally for men [ 38 ] and for tennis [ 39 , 40 ] and badminton players [ 37 ], compared to women. The present study found asymmetric hand grip strength regarding padel, similar to other studies [ 7 ] and sports [ 41 , 42 ]. Lack of post-SC hand grip strength changes coincides with the results obtained for badminton [ 43 ].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Gender Differences in Neuromuscular, Haematological and Urinary Responses during Padel Matches

Fuente

García-Giménez

Toro-Román

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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Research on the acute physiological response to a padel match is limited. The present study aimed to: (a) evaluate neuromuscular, urinary, and hematological responses after simulated padel competition (SC) and (b) analyze possible gender differences. In this study, 28 high-level padel players participated (men = 13, age = 26.83 ± 6.57 years; women = 15, age = 30.07 ± 4.36 years). The following parameters were analyzed before and after SC: neuromuscular (hand grip strength, squat jump (SJ), countermovement jump (CMJ), and Abalakov jump (ABK)), hematological (red blood cells, hemoglobin, and hematocrit), and urinary (pH, specific gravity, microalbuminuria, and red blood cells). Significant gender differences were found in neuromuscular and hematological responses, with men obtaining higher values (p < 0.05). For the SC influence, changes were noted in ABK and microalbuminuria (p < 0.05). The percentages of change in hand grip strength, SJ (height and watts), CMJ (height), and ABK (height) were higher for men than women (p < 0.05). SC negatively influenced the neuromuscular parameters to a greater extent in women. Our results could be related to gender differences in game actions, the temporal structure, and anthropometric and physiological characteristics. Game dynamics and a different organic response between male and female padel playing were confirmed.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Gender Differences in Neuromuscular, Haematological and Urinary Responses during Padel Matches

Fuente

García-Giménez

Toro-Román

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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“…In sports, the side-to-side discrepancies in body morphology may also depend on the characteristics of the particular discipline that the given sportsmen practice [ 13 ]. An analysis was conducted on the influence of the types of martial art techniques and focused physical effort on the occurrence of asymmetry in body musculature and isometric strength in bodybuilders and in competitors of selected martial arts; its results indicated increased directional asymmetry in judo competitors.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Asymmetry of Muscle Mass Distribution and Grip Strength in Professional Handball Players

Lijewski

Burdukiewicz

Pietraszewska

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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Handball is among the disciplines that impose a significant degree of asymmetry on the body movement. The aim of the study is to assess the influence of physical effort on the occurrence of asymmetry in body musculature and in isometric strength of handball players. The study examined 36 professional handball players. Players’ height and body mass were measured as to calculate their body mass indexes (BMIs). Segmental bioelectrical impedance analysis (SBIA) was used to assess: the percentage of fat mass, total muscle mass (MM), musculature of the right and left side of the body, and body segments (trunk, upper and lower limbs). Moreover, grip strength was also measured. The assessment confirmed the existence of discrepancies in the right and left sides of players’ bodies for the majority of the parameters. Cross-asymmetry and significant bilateral discrepancies in trunk musculature were also observed. Morphological asymmetry may impact performance in sports since it can cause unfavorable functional changes, which in turn increase the risk of injury and conditions caused by overexertion. Therefore, we believe it is important to emphasize the importance of individualized symmetrization during sports practice and consistent monitoring of the asymmetries occurring in different body parts; this should both improve one’s sports results and minimize the risk of injury.

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“…Segmental BIA is performed on upper limbs and lower limbs separately, givingat least in theorythe chance of evaluating segmental muscle mass [20][21][22]. Few previous papers have performed this type of measurements, showing for instance a more marked difference for lower than upper limbs in female volleyball players [21].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These variables are associated with muscle structure in terms of body cell mass (BCM) and ratio between extracellular water and intracellular water (ECW/ICW ratio) [15][16][17]; in addition, IR and PhA have also been related to muscle strength and physical activity [18,19]. Finally, it should be reminded that BIA may be performed on the whole body but also separately on upper limbs and lower limbs (segmental BIA), givingat least in theorythe chance of evaluating appendicular muscle mass [20][21][22].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Body Composition and Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis-Derived Raw Variables in Pole Dancers

Ballarin

Scalfi

Monfrecola

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background: Pole dance is a type of functional training whose effects on body composition have been only poorly explored. Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA)is a field method to estimate fat-free mass (FFM), fat mass (FM), etc. In addition, of particular interest for athletes, raw BIA variables such as impedance ratio =IR (between impedance-Z at high frequencies and Z at low frequencies) and phase angle=PhA may be considered as promising markers of muscle quality since they arerelated to body cell mass (BCM) and the ratio between extracellular water and intracellular water.The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of pole dancing training on body composition and especially on IR and PhA of the whole body, upper limbs and lower limbs. Methods: Forty female pole dancers (age 27.4±5.1 years, body weight 57.0±6.9 kg, body mass index-BMI 22.2±2.3 kg/m²) and fifty-nine control young women (26.8±4.7 years, 58.6±6.4 kg, BMI 22.3±1.8 kg/m²) participated in the study.BIA was performed on the whole body, upper limbs and lower limbs at 5-50-100-250 kHz. FFM, FFM index, FMand percentage of FM were then predicted. Raw BIA variables were also considered: IR and PhA, and also bioelectrical impedance indexes (stature²/Z, related to body water compartments). Arm muscle area (AMA) and arm fat area (AFA) were calculated from triceps skinfold and arm circumference. Results: Compared to controls pole dancers exhibited higher FFM index and BI indexes at low and high frequencies as well as lower percentage of FM. Whole-body BI indexes correlated with AMA but not with AFA. PhA was greater and IRs were smaller in pole dancers than controls for the whole body and more markedly for upper limbs, whereas there were no differences for lower limbs. When considering training level, professional and amateur pole dancers did not differ with respect to body weight and BMI. After adjusting for weight, FFM and FFMI were greater in the more trained than in the less trained group, while FM and %FM were smaller. Whole-body PhA and IRs as well as BI indexes tended to be higher in the professionalsthan amateurs, with much more significant differences in upper limb PhA and IRs. Conclusions: Pole dance training has a significant effect, possibly depending also on training level, not only on FFM and FM, but also on those raw BIA variables that may be considered as markers of muscle quality.

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Asymmetry of Musculature and Hand Grip Strength in Bodybuilders and Martial Artists

Cited by 28 publications

References 46 publications

Gender Differences in Neuromuscular, Haematological and Urinary Responses during Padel Matches

Gender Differences in Neuromuscular, Haematological and Urinary Responses during Padel Matches

Asymmetry of Muscle Mass Distribution and Grip Strength in Professional Handball Players

Body Composition and Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis-Derived Raw Variables in Pole Dancers

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