Asymmetrical Distribution of Brain Interleukin-6 Depends on Lateralization in Mice

Shen, Yan‐Qin; Hébert, Guillaume; Moze, Elisabeth; Li, Kangsheng; Neveu, Pierre J.

doi:10.1159/000084852

Cited by 18 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 113 publications

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“…The researchers observed that, in comparison to right-pawed and ambidextrous dogs, in left-pawed dogs: (a) the percentage of granulocytes (in leukocyte formula) is lower; (b) the percentage of lymphocytes is higher; (c) the total number of lymphocyte cells is higher; (d) the number of γ-globulins is lower. The above mentioned findings of Fu et al [15] and Shen et al [22] about asymmetric hemispheric distribution of brain IL-6 and IL-1β had "handedness"-related peculiarities. For instance, IL-1β levels in the left cerebral cortex were higher for ambidextrous mice than for right-pawed animals, and IL-6 levels in the left cortex were higher for left-pawed mice than for right-pawed.…”

Section: Handedness-related Differencesmentioning

confidence: 78%

“…Betancur et al [21] searched for, an engagement of the hypothalamicpituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in the relationships between brain asymmetry and immune response. Later on Shen et al [22] argued that cytokines (such as interleukins) regulate immune responses, possibly through activation of the HPA axis, and HPA axis activities are related to brain lateralization. There are two supporting facts in this context: (a) it is known that interleukin-1β (IL-1β) can stimulate the HPA axis to increase the plasma levels of corticosterone, and (b) the cortical regulation of cortisol secretion is under the primary control of the right hemisphere [5,15].…”

Section: Brain-immune System Interactionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The molecular basis of brain-immune interactions remains insufficiently understood, but in several publications the role of cytokines has been outlined [15,22,32,33]. Cytokines, besides regulating immune responses, function as mediators of an afferent pathway to the brain, and probably are a part of a neuroendocrine-immune signalling system [32].…”

Section: Brain-immune System Interactionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Both interleukins can regulate the neuro-endocrine-immune network by invoking autonomic, neuro-endocrine, and behavioural action [32,33]. The publications of Fu et al [15] and Shen et al [22] presented intriguing data about an asymmetrical distribution of IL-1β and IL-6 in the mouse brain: the basal levels of IL-1β and IL-6 are higher in the right cortex than in the left. The authors proposed that the rightward asymmetry in IL-1β and IL-6 is probably related to the differences between the right and left cerebral immunomodulatory functions (in mice particularly) [15].…”

Section: Brain-immune System Interactionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Brain asymmetry, immunity, handedness

et al. 2011

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AbstractThe principle of symmetry-asymmetry is widely presented in the structural and functional organization of the nonliving and living nature. One of the most complex manifestations of this principle is the left-right asymmetry of the human brain. The present review summarizes previous and contemporary literary data regarding the role of brain asymmetry in neuroimmunomodulation. Some handedness-related peculiarities are outlined additionally. Brain asymmetry is considered to be imprinted in the formation and regulation of the individual’s responses and relationships at an immunological level with the external and internal environment. The assumptions that the hemispheres modulate immune response in an asymmetric manner have been confirmed in experiments on animals. Some authors assume that the right hemisphere plays an indirect role in neuroimmunomodulation, controlling and suppressing the left hemispheric inductive signals.

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Section: Handedness-related Differencesmentioning

confidence: 78%

Section: Brain-immune System Interactionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Brain-immune System Interactionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Brain-immune System Interactionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Brain asymmetry, immunity, handedness

et al. 2011

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“…7) Cytokines regulate immune responses, possibly through activation of the HPA axis, while the HPA axis activity is related to behavioral lateralization and brain asymmetry. 8) Some researchers reported that interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-a) regulated not only the inflammatory process, but also mediated a variety of CNS-mediated responses and neuroendocrine activity. 6,9) Icariin ( Fig.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Icariin on Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Action and Cytokine Levels in Stressed Sprague-Dawley Rats

Pan

Zhang

Xia

et al. 2006

Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin

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Fig. 1. Structure of Icariin were first trained to consume a 1% sucrose solution after the 3-d adaptation period. The test of sucrose solution intake baseline was performed 9 times (once every three days) for each animal. The test involved an 18 h period of food and water deprivation followed by offering the 1% sucrose solution for 1 h. Sucrose-intake was measured by weighting bottle weights containing sucrose solution before and after the test respectively. The sucrose intake was expressed in relation to animals' body weights (g/kg).CMS Procedure After the sucrose intake baseline test, the animals were divided into two groups with similar average intake. Twenty-one rats in one group were housed under normal condition (as non-stressed animals) and twenty-eight rats in the other group were subjected to CMS procedure (as CMS-treated animals) throughout. Subsequently, sucrose consumption was monitored weekly for the next experimental period (12 weeks). The CMS procedure was carried out for 6 weeks using the method described by Willner et al. with small modification. 19,20) Each experiment cycle extended 7 d and included the following steps:Low intensity stroboscopic illumination (150 flashes/min) for 6 h; tilted cage (45°) for 14 h; intermittent illumination (2 h light/2 h dark cycle) for 12 h; random partnership for 12 h; wet cage (200 ml water in 100 g sawdust bedding) for 12 h; continuous light for 12 h; low intensity stroboscopic illumination (150 flashes/min) for 10 h; water and food deprivation for 14 h; noise (6300 Hz tone, approx. 90 dB) for 6 h; tilted cage (45°) for 18 h; low intensity stroboscopic illumination (150 flashes/min) for 12 h; continuous light for 12 h; noise (6300 Hz tone, approx. 90 dB) for 9 h; water and food deprivation for 18 h; sucrose test for 1 h.All of the stressors were applied individually and continuously, day and night. Non-stressed rats were housed in separate rooms away from CMS-stressed animals. Food and water were freely available in the home cage except that they were deprived of both before each sucrose test.Drug Administration Normal control rats and stressed rats were further divided into subgroups on the basis of sucrose intake scores after the CMS procedure. The nonstressed animal groups were divided into three subgroups and they received normal saline (1 ml/kg, normal control, nϭ7), icariin (35 mg/kg, nϭ7), icariin (70 mg/kg, nϭ5) and fluoxetine (7 mg/kg, nϭ7), respectively. The CMS-treated animal groups were further divided into four subgroups (7 rats/subgroup) and they received normal saline (1 ml/kg, stressed control), icariin (35 mg/kg), icariin (70 mg/kg), and fluoxetine (7 mg/kg), respectively. All drugs were suspended in 0.9% normal saline, and were orally administered once daily for 6 weeks.Blood Collection After 6-week administration and the last sucrose intake test, all animals were left without any treatment until the following morning. The next day, they were etherized and decapitated for bleeding between 09:00 a.m. and 09:30 a.m. Blood was collected on ic...

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Is the early left‐right axis like a plant, a kidney, or a neuron? The integration of physiological signals in embryonic asymmetry

Levin¹

2006

Birth Defects Research Pt C

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Embryonic morphogenesis occurs along three orthogonal axes. While the patterning of the anterior-posterior and dorsal-ventral axes has been increasingly well-characterized, the left-right (LR) axis has only relatively recently begun to be understood at the molecular level. The mechanisms that ensure invariant LR asymmetry of the heart, viscera, and brain involve fundamental aspects of cell biology, biophysics, and evolutionary biology, and are important not only for basic science but also for the biomedicine of a wide range of birth defects and human genetic syndromes. The LR axis links biomolecular chirality to embryonic development and ultimately to behavior and cognition, revealing feedback loops and conserved functional modules occurring as widely as plants and mammals. This review focuses on the unique and fascinating physiological aspects of LR patterning in a number of vertebrate and invertebrate species, discusses several profound mechanistic analogies between biological regulation in diverse systems (specifically proposing a nonciliary parallel between kidney cells and the LR axis based on subcellular regulation of ion transporter targeting), highlights the possible importance of early, highly-conserved intracellular events that are magnified to embryo-wide scales, and lays out the most important open questions about the function, evolutionary origin, and conservation of mechanisms underlying embryonic asymmetry.

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Asymmetrical Distribution of Brain Interleukin-6 Depends on Lateralization in Mice

Cited by 18 publications

References 113 publications

Brain asymmetry, immunity, handedness

Brain asymmetry, immunity, handedness

Effects of Icariin on Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Action and Cytokine Levels in Stressed Sprague-Dawley Rats

Is the early left‐right axis like a plant, a kidney, or a neuron? The integration of physiological signals in embryonic asymmetry

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