Asymmetric porous emulsion film

Okubo, Masayoshi; Takeya, Tetsuro; Tsutsumi, Yoshitaka; Kadooka, Tsuneo; Matsumoto, Tsunetaka

doi:10.1002/pol.1981.170190101

Cited by 41 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…During film formation, the outer clear region increases at the expense of the central turbid, wet region. Okubo et al (3) studied the same three regions, and they also reported that a thin film-formed layer or "skin" existed on the surface of the central wet region. This skin is indicative of a drying and coalescence front normal to the latex surface.…”

mentioning

confidence: 93%

Rate-Limiting Steps in Film Formation of Acrylic Latices as Elucidated with Ellipsometry and Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy

Keddie

Meredith

Jones

et al. 1996

ACS Symposium Series

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Our data indicate that evaporation is the rate-limiting step in film formation when the temperature of a latex is about 20 Κ or more above its glass transition temperature (T g ). When a latex is nearer to its T g , the rate-limiting step in film formation is deformation of the latex particles, possibly by viscous flow of the polymer driven by the reduction in surface energy. In this latter case, there is evidence that a drying front first creates air voids. Subsequently, a coalescence front moves inward from the periphery in the plane of the film. Evaporation rates are retarded in a latex that is well-above its T g , probably as a result of the reduced surface area of water, caused by extensive particle deformation. We studied the kinetics of film formation in an acrylic latex using ellipsometry and environmental-SEM, techniques which allow in situ observation of wet and partially-wet latices. We fit our data to a model describing the coalescence of voids by viscous flow.We have employed methodology (similar to what we used previously (7)) to determine the effect of temperature on the kinetics of film formation. We correlate our experimental findings with the kinetics of the passage of drying and coalescence fronts in the plane of the film and normal to its surface.In our previous publication (7), we studied the kinetics of film formation of acrylic latices, paying close attention to the effects of the glass transition temperature (T g ). Using a combination of ellipsometry and environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM), we identified the four conventional stages of film formation. We found that

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mentioning

confidence: 93%

Rate-Limiting Steps in Film Formation of Acrylic Latices as Elucidated with Ellipsometry and Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy

Keddie

Meredith

Jones

et al. 1996

ACS Symposium Series

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“…5, top). Other authors 24,25 have also observed outer rings, and they associated them with a high density of flocculated particles. They supported this by rinsing the drying films with water: only the unflocculated particles were dragged.…”

Section: DLmentioning

confidence: 90%

Effect of serum components on styrene/butyl acrylate latex film formation: An in situ examination by ultramicroscopy

Keslarek

Galembeck

2002

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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ABSTRACT:Film formation by a surfactant-stabilized, peroxide-initiated styrene/butyl acrylate latex was followed in situ by ultramicroscopy. The effects of latex serum components on film formation were observed first by the subjection of the latex to extensive dialysis and then by the separate addition of salt and surfactants. Domains of different particle concentrations were observed in the latex dispersion during liquid evaporation, and their positions were related to those of defects in the dry film. Films obtained with the dialyzed latex showed macroscopic defects, which were not seen in the as-prepared latex. Partially reconstituted latex (dialyzed, with the later addition of salt but not surfactant) behaved like the as-prepared latex.

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“…38 -44 Okubo et al 45 also showed that ethyl acrylate/methyl methacrylate copolymer latex films decreased in permeability as the sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS) concentration was increased. The reduction of permeability of latex films may be a result of morphological changes in the film because the addition of a hydrophilic surfactant is expected to increase permeability.…”

Section: Surfactant Behavior In Latex Filmsmentioning

confidence: 94%

Recent advances in stratification and film formation of latex films; attenuated total reflection and step-scan photoacoustic FTIR spectroscopic studies

Niu¹,

Urban²

1998

J. Appl. Polym. Sci.

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Surfactant-latex molecular level interactions as well as transient effects during latex film formation play an important role in latex technology. This review article focuses on the siloxane effects on anionic sodium dioctylsulfosuccinate (SDOSS) surfactant exudation during latex coalescence and quantitative analysis of SDOSS distribution at the both film-air (F-A) and film-substrate (F-S) interfaces. Attenuated total reflection (ATR) Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was utilized for characterization of the interactions between SDOSS and styrene-butyl acrylate latex copolymers. In addition, studies of SDOSS stratification along with depth-profiling analysis during latex film formation utilizing step-scan photoacoustic (S 2 -PAS) FTIR spectroscopy illustrate that SDOSS content is enriched at the F-A interface and decreases as the penetration depth increases across the latex film thickness.

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Asymmetric porous emulsion film

Cited by 41 publications

References 4 publications

Rate-Limiting Steps in Film Formation of Acrylic Latices as Elucidated with Ellipsometry and Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy

Rate-Limiting Steps in Film Formation of Acrylic Latices as Elucidated with Ellipsometry and Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy

Effect of serum components on styrene/butyl acrylate latex film formation: An in situ examination by ultramicroscopy

Recent advances in stratification and film formation of latex films; attenuated total reflection and step-scan photoacoustic FTIR spectroscopic studies

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