Asymmetric Mach–Zehnder interferometers without an interaction window in polymer foils for refractive index sensing

Hofmann, Martin; Xiao, Yanfen; Sherman, Stanislav; Gleißner, Uwe; Schmidt, Thomas L.; Zappe, Hans

doi:10.1364/ao.55.001124

Cited by 29 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…By using a short wavelength laser (450 nm), a large increase in phase shift is realized in comparison to most of previous works [9,14,15,18,21,26,[28][29][30], which operates with a laser above 630 nm. The sensitivity for homogeneous bulk RI sensing of this sensor is comparable to those made by only polymers [9,19,31] or optical fiber [5]. We remark that approaches like coating with high RI dielectrics can be employed to enhance the LoD [14,17].…”

Section: Measurement Of Ethanol-water Mixturementioning

confidence: 88%

“…Optical waveguides have been widely used as efficient sensors for detection of refractive index (RI) change by probing near the surface region of the sample with the evanescent field [1][2][3][4][5][6][7]. Recently, polymer waveguides have gained much attention owing to their interesting properties including high transparency in the UV-visible range, versatile process-abilities, cost effectiveness, and mechanical flexibility [8][9][10]. Different designs including ring resonators [11][12][13], interferometers [14][15][16][17][18][19] and guided mode resonance filters [20] have been demonstrated.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Multifunctional waveguide interferometer sensor: simultaneous detection of refraction and absorption with size-exclusion function

Zhou¹,

Hedayati²

2018

Opt. Express

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Section: Measurement Of Ethanol-water Mixturementioning

confidence: 88%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multifunctional waveguide interferometer sensor: simultaneous detection of refraction and absorption with size-exclusion function

Zhou¹,

Hedayati²

2018

Opt. Express

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“…Single mode behavior can be modified by optimizing the overall core height, the width and depth of the rib groove. 9 The optimized parameters in this design, are 3 µm, 3.5 µm, and 0.6 µm with height, width and depth respectively.…”

Section: Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

Temperature-dependence of polymer grating couplers for single-mode waveguides

Sherman

Rezem

et al. 2018

Integrated Optics: Devices, Materials, and Technologies XXII

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Polymer optical sensors have attracted significant scientific interest due to the advantages of flexibility and lowcost mass-production possibilities. A main challenge in integration of all-polymer systems is interfacing sensor parts to light sources and detectors. Coupling strategies such as end-facet coupling, 45 • mirrors coupler and gratings coupler have been investigated. However, facet polishing is complicated for large flexible foils, while 45 • mirrors often require a metal reflection layer. Thus grating couplers have the biggest potential and are compatible with roll-to-roll processes. Polymers have higher thermo-optic-coefficients and thermal-expansioncoefficients compared to inorganic materials, making them very sensitive to temperature changes. Consequently, polymer grating couplers show a shift of the coupling angle with temperature and thus a decay of efficiency. We therefore present a temperature characterization of all-polymer based grating couplers on waveguides based sensors. Cost-effective manufacturing methods, including hot-embossing and spin-coating, were used for the fabrication of waveguides and gratings on PMMA foils. Single mode waveguides were realized by modifying the dimensions of their cross-section. Gratings with a period of 560 nm were subsequently bonded on the waveguides for input coupling. Thermal response was characterized by monitoring the coupling angle at different temperatures. Temperature dependences of the incident angle at two main peaks of 0.0027 • /K and 0.0054 • /K were determined respectively at the wavelength of 852 nm and a linear response over the evaluated range between 298 K and 323 K was observed, which opens up possible applications for on-chip temperature monitoring and thermal compensation when integrated with polymer sensors.

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“…In 2016, an asymmetric MZI inverted ridge waveguide sensor based on a polymer substrate was designed and fabricated. The prototype showed a detection limit of 3 × 10 −3 refractive index units for homogeneous sensing at a total system length of 9.3 mm and a total waveguide core thickness of 3 μm [23]. In 2017, a polymer-based effective index sensor based on tailored high-index thin films was reported to enhance the sensitivity of asymmetric MZIs [24].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Polymer Asymmetric Mach–Zehnder Interferometer Sensor Model Based on Electrode Thermal Writing Waveguide Technology

Lin¹,

Yi²,

Cao³

et al. 2019

Micromachines

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This paper presents a novel electrode thermal writing waveguide based on a heating-induced refractive index change mechanism. The mode condition and the electrode thermal writing parameters were optimized, and the output patterns of the optical field were obtained in a series of simulations. Moreover, the effect of various adjustments on the sensing range of the nanoimprint M–Z temperature sensor was analyzed theoretically. A refractive index asymmetry Mach–Zehnder (M–Z) waveguide sensor with a tunable refractive index for a waveguide core layer was simulated with a length difference of 946.1 µm. The optimal width and height of the invert ridge waveguide were 2 μm and 2.8 μm, respectively, while the slab thickness was 1.2 μm. The sensing accuracy was calculated to range from 2.0896 × 104 to 5.1252 × 104 in the 1.51–1.54 region. The sensing fade issue can be resolved by changing the waveguide core refractive index to 0.001 via an electrode thermal writing method. Thermal writing a single M–Z waveguide arm changes its refractive index by 0.03. The sensor’s accuracy can be improved 1.5 times by the proposed method. The sensor described in this paper shows great prospects in organism temperature detection, molecular analysis, and biotechnology applications.

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Asymmetric Mach–Zehnder interferometers without an interaction window in polymer foils for refractive index sensing

Cited by 29 publications

References 16 publications

Multifunctional waveguide interferometer sensor: simultaneous detection of refraction and absorption with size-exclusion function

Multifunctional waveguide interferometer sensor: simultaneous detection of refraction and absorption with size-exclusion function

Temperature-dependence of polymer grating couplers for single-mode waveguides

A Polymer Asymmetric Mach–Zehnder Interferometer Sensor Model Based on Electrode Thermal Writing Waveguide Technology

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