“…Alternative sources of spot FX trading volume are proprietary data sets from specific dealer banks (e.g., Bjønnes and Rime, 2005;Menkhoff, Sarno, Schmeling, and Schrimpf, 2016). The relatively recent public access to CLS data has enabled researchers to study customer-dealer volume at a global scale Levich, 2018, 2021;Ranaldo and Santucci de Magistris, 2018;Cespa, Gargano, Riddiough, and Sarno, 2021;Ranaldo and Somogyi, 2021). We contribute to this strand of literature by investigating the impact of constrained financial intermediaries' liquidity provision on FX market efficiency and its components (i.e., price dislocations and arbitrage transaction costs).…”