ASYMMETRIC CELL DIVISION IN <i>C. ELEGANS</i>: Cortical Polarity and Spindle Positioning

Cowan, Carrie; Hyman, Anthony A.

doi:10.1146/annurev.cellbio.19.111301.113823

Cited by 211 publications

(199 citation statements)

References 116 publications

(130 reference statements)

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“…The Par proteins have been demonstrated to be crucial for polarity establishment in many cell types [Cowan and Hyman, 2004;Goldstein and Macara, 2007]. In mouse oocytes, PAR1, PAR4, and aPKC are localized to meiotic spindles [Baluch et al, 2004;Vinot et al, 2004;Duncan et al, 2005;Moore and Zernicka-Goetz, 2005;Szczepanska and Maleszewski, 2005;Na and Zernicka-Goetz, 2006].…”

Section: Establishment Of Cortical Polarity: the Chromatin Brings Thementioning

confidence: 99%

“…1). A common mechanism in positioning the spindle in mitotic cells is that the spindle moves to its expected location through a physical interaction between astral microtubules (MTs) and cell cortex [Cowan and Hyman, 2004;Siller and Doe, 2009]. However, spindle positioning during mouse oocyte meiosis must rely on other mechanisms since it is devoid of true centrosomes and largely of astral MTs [Szollosi et al, 1972;Brunet et al, 1999;Sathananthan et al, 2006].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Actin cytoskeleton in cell polarity and asymmetric division during mouse oocyte maturation

2012

Cytoskeleton

102

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Mammalian oocyte maturation involves two successive rounds of extremely asymmetric cell divisions (known as polar body extrusion) to generate a functional haploid egg. Successful polar body extrusion relies on establishment of an asymmetric spindle position and cortical polarity. Decades of studies using mouse oocytes as a model have revealed critical roles for a dynamic actin cytoskeleton in this process. Here, we review the contribution of actin to the critical events during oocyte meiotic cell divisions with an emphasis on recent advances in understanding the underlying molecular and physical mechanisms. V C 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc

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Section: Establishment Of Cortical Polarity: the Chromatin Brings Thementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Actin cytoskeleton in cell polarity and asymmetric division during mouse oocyte maturation

2012

Cytoskeleton

102

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Fertilization or experimental activation triggers spindle rotation and the extrusion of a second polar body , Maro et al 1984. Our knowledge on the mechanisms of asymmetric divisions stems from investigations on mitotic cells (Betschinger & Knoblich 2004) where spindle positioning depends on interactions between the cell cortex and 'astral' microtubules that connect the spindle poles to the cell cortex (Cowan & Hyman 2004). Oocyte lack centrosomes and the spindles lack in turn astral microtubules: alternative mechanisms must be at play to position the spindle within the oocyte.…”

Section: The Asymmetry Of the Oocyte Divisions Depends On Chromosomesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cytoskeleton and cell cycle control during meiotic maturation of the mouse oocyte: integrating time and space

Brunet

Maro²

2005

Reproduction

200

169

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During meiotic maturation of mammalian oocytes, two successive divisions occur without an intermediate phase of DNA replication, so that haploid gametes are produced. Moreover, these two divisions are asymmetric, to ensure that most of the maternal stores are retained within the oocyte. This leads to the formation of daughter cells with different sizes: the large oocyte and the small polar bodies. All these events are dependent upon the dynamic changes in the organization of the oocyte cytoskeleton (microtubules and microfilaments) and are highly regulated in time and space. We review here the current knowledge of the interplay between the cytoskeleton and the cell cycle machinery in mouse oocytes, with an emphasis on the two major activities that control meiotic maturation in vertebrates, MPF (Maturation promoting factor) and CSF (Cytostatic factor).

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“…One common mechanism for cellular differentiation is asymmetric cell division, in which the mitotic spindle is aligned with the cell polarity axis to generate molecularly distinct sibling cells (1)(2)(3)(4). Asymmetric divisions have been proposed to regulate stem cell pool size during development, adult tissue homeostasis, and the uncontrolled proliferation observed in cancer (5).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Gαi generates multiple Pins activation states to link cortical polarity and spindle orientation in Drosophila neuroblasts

Nipper

Siller

Smith

et al. 2007

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

108

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Drosophila neuroblasts divide asymmetrically by aligning their mitotic spindle with cortical cell polarity to generate distinct sibling cell types. Neuroblasts asymmetrically localize G␣i, Pins, and Mud proteins; Pins/G␣i direct cortical polarity, whereas Mud is required for spindle orientation. It is currently unknown how G␣i-Pins-Mud binding is regulated to link cortical polarity with spindle orientation. Here, we show that Pins forms a ''closed'' state via intramolecular GoLoco-tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) interactions, which regulate Mud binding. Biochemical, genetic, and live imaging experiments show that G␣i binds to the first of three Pins GoLoco motifs to recruit Pins to the apical cortex without ''opening'' Pins or recruiting Mud. However, G␣i and Mud bind cooperatively to the Pins GoLocos 2/3 and tetratricopeptide repeat domains, respectively, thereby restricting Pins-Mud interaction to the apical cortex and fixing spindle orientation. We conclude that Pins has multiple activity states that generate cortical polarity and link it with mitotic spindle orientation.cell polarity ͉ cell signaling ͉ differentiation ͉ protein-protein interactions I n complex, multicellular organisms, differentiated cell types are needed to perform diverse functions. One common mechanism for cellular differentiation is asymmetric cell division, in which the mitotic spindle is aligned with the cell polarity axis to generate molecularly distinct sibling cells (1-4). Asymmetric divisions have been proposed to regulate stem cell pool size during development, adult tissue homeostasis, and the uncontrolled proliferation observed in cancer (5). Thus, understanding how the mitotic spindle is coupled to the cell polarity axis is relevant to stem cell and cancer biology. Here, we investigate this question in Drosophila neuroblasts, a model system for studying asymmetric cell division.Drosophila neuroblasts are stem cell-like progenitors that divide asymmetrically to produce a larger self-renewing neuroblast and a smaller ganglion mother cell (GMC) that differentiates into neurons or glia (3). Mitotic neuroblasts segregate factors that promote neuroblast self-renewal to their apical cortex and differentiation factors to their basal cortex. Precise alignment of the mitotic spindle with the neuroblast apical/basal polarity is required for asymmetric cell division and proper brain development: spindle misalignment leads to symmetric cell divisions that expand the neuroblast population and brain size (6-8).

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ASYMMETRIC CELL DIVISION IN C. ELEGANS: Cortical Polarity and Spindle Positioning

Cited by 211 publications

References 116 publications

Actin cytoskeleton in cell polarity and asymmetric division during mouse oocyte maturation

Actin cytoskeleton in cell polarity and asymmetric division during mouse oocyte maturation

Cytoskeleton and cell cycle control during meiotic maturation of the mouse oocyte: integrating time and space

Gαi generates multiple Pins activation states to link cortical polarity and spindle orientation in Drosophila neuroblasts

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