ASVMR: Adaptive Support-Vector-Machine-Based Routing Protocol in the Underwater Acoustic Sensor Network for Smart Ocean

Abstract

The underwater acoustic sensor network (UASN) plays a crucial role in collecting real-time data from remote areas of the ocean. However, the deployment of UASN poses significant challenges due to the demanding environmental conditions and the considerable expenses associated with its implementation. Therefore, it is essential to design an appropriate routing protocol to effectively address the issues of packet delivery delay, routing void, and energy consumption. In this paper, an adaptive support vector machine (SVM)-based routing (ASVMR) protocol is proposed for the UASN to minimize end-to-end delay and prolong the network lifetime. The proposed protocol employs a distributed routing approach that dynamically optimizes the routing path in real time by considering four types of node state information. Moreover, the ASVMR protocol establishes a “routing vector” spanning from the current node to the sink node and selects a suitable pipe radius according to the packet delivery ratio (PDR). In addition, the ASVMR protocol incorporates future states of sensor nodes into the decision-making process, along with the adoption of a waiting time mechanism and routing void recovery mechanism. Extensive simulation results demonstrate that the proposed ASVMR protocol performs well in terms of the PDR, the hop count, the end-to-end delay, and the energy efficiency in dynamic underwater environments.

Three-Dimensional Iterative Enhancement for Coverage Hole Recovery in Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks

“…In 2020, Zhejiang University reported a communication distance of 6.2 km and a communication speed of 42.8 kbps under a ship speed of 4-6 knots, with a product of 265.36 kbps × km long-distance communication. It is well known that hydroacoustic perception is superior to other sensing methods [4]. Hence, reasonable deployment of underwater nodes based on hydroacoustic communication is the basis of realizing efficient network monitoring [5].…”