Astroglia induce neurogenesis from adult neural stem cells

Song, Hongjun; Stevens, Charles F.; Gage, Fred H.

doi:10.1038/417039a

Cited by 1,282 publications

(1,002 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…Alternatively, it is possible that the dramatic stroke-induced BDNF masked any possible E2 effect, or that injury-induced upregulation of aromatase had already led to significant local production of E2 and a maximal BDNF response. Astrocytes and endothelial cells secrete BDNF and induce neurogenesis in adult neural stem cells (Song et al, 2002) and may provide a scaffold for migration of newborn cells to injured areas. As our experiments focused on strokeinduced neurogenesis in vivo, we chose to examine brain homogenates for BDNF; therefore, the specific cell type responsible for stroke-induced increases in BDNF is unclear.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estrogen Enhances Neurogenesis and Behavioral Recovery after Stroke

Siegel

Yuan

et al. 2010

J Cereb Blood Flow Metab

120

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Stroke is a leading cause of permanent disability and death. It is well accepted that the principal mammalian estrogen (E2), 17-b estradiol, provides robust neuroprotection in a variety of brain injury models in animals of both sexes. E2 enhances neurogenesis after stroke in the subventricular zone; however, it is unknown if these cells survive long-term or enhance functional recovery. In this study, we examined stroke-induced neurogenesis in male, gonadally intact female, and ovariectomized female mice 2 and 6 weeks after stroke. Treatment with 17-b estradiol increased 5-bromo-2 0 -deoxyuridine-labeled cells at both time points in both the dentate gyrus and subventricular zone; the majority were colabeled with doublecortin at 2 weeks and with NeuN at 6 weeks. Stroke-induced neurogenesis was reduced in estrogen receptor knockout mice, as well as in mice lacking the gene for aromatase, which converts testosterone into E2. Improved behavioral deficits were seen in E2-treated mice, suggesting that E2-induced increases in poststroke neurogenesis contribute to poststroke recovery.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estrogen Enhances Neurogenesis and Behavioral Recovery after Stroke

Siegel

Yuan

et al. 2010

J Cereb Blood Flow Metab

120

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“…4,6 Astrocytes are located close to the neural stem cells in the adult dentate gyrus 54 and can express several factors that are able to independently increase proliferation. 55,56 Of particular relevance to the present study is the clear connection found between astrocytes, learning and PKCg.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transplantation of neural progenitors enhances production of endogenous cells in the impaired brain

2007

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Grafting of neural progenitors has been shown to reverse a wide variety of neurobehavioral defects. While their role of replacing injured cells and restoring damaged circuitries has been shown, it is widely accepted that this cannot be the only mechanism, as therapy can occur even when an insufficient number of transplanted cells are found. We hypothesized that one major mechanism by which transplanted neural progenitors exert their therapeutic effect is by enhancing endogenous cells production. Consequently, in an allographic model of transplantation, prenatally heroin-exposed genetically heterogeneous (HS) mice were made defective in their hippocampal neurobehavioral function by exposing their mothers to heroin (10 mg kg À1 heroin on gestation days 9-18). Hippocampal damage was confirmed by deficient performance in the Morris maze (P < 0.009), and decreased production of endogenous cells in the dentate gyrus by 39% was observed. On postnatal day 35, they received an HS-derived neural progenitors transplant followed by repeated bromodeoxyuridine injections. The transplant returned endogenous cells production to normal levels (P < 0.006) and reversed the behavioral defects (P < 0.03), despite the fact that only 0.0334% of the transplanted neural progenitors survived and that they differentiated mainly to astrocytes. An immunological study demonstrated the presence of macrophages and T cells as a possible explanation for the paucity of the transplanted cells. This study suggests one mechanism for the therapeutic action of neural progenitors, the enhancement of the production of endogenous cells, pointing to future clinical applications in this direction by use of neural progenitors or by analogous cell-inducing techniques.

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“…They also have an important role in the immune response of the brain, in synaptic function, clearance of cellular ions and transmitters, in neuronal metabolism, and in neuronal migration (Allen and Barres 2005;Araque 2006;Mennerick and Zorumski 1994;Pellerin and Magistretti 2004;Verkhratsky et al 1998;Vernadakis 1996). More recently, astrocytes have been recognized to also play a role as neural progenitor cells themselves in both the developing and mature CNS (Goldman 2003;Song et al 2002), and to promote neurogenesis. For example, Song et al (2002) cultured neural progenitors from the adult rat hippocampus with either primary cultures of hippocampal neurons or astrocytes.…”

Section: Paroxetine-induced Effects On Glial Cells-implications For Nmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…More recently, astrocytes have been recognized to also play a role as neural progenitor cells themselves in both the developing and mature CNS (Goldman 2003;Song et al 2002), and to promote neurogenesis. For example, Song et al (2002) cultured neural progenitors from the adult rat hippocampus with either primary cultures of hippocampal neurons or astrocytes. They found that neural progenitors cultured with hippocampal astrocytes were induced to differentiate into neurons.…”

Section: Paroxetine-induced Effects On Glial Cells-implications For Nmentioning

confidence: 99%

Profiling of behavioral changes and hippocampal gene expression in mice chronically treated with the SSRI paroxetine

et al. 2008

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Introduction Monoamine-based antidepressants inhibit neurotransmitter reuptake within short time. However, it commonly takes several weeks until clinical symptoms start to resolve-indicating the involvement of effects distant from reuptake inhibition. Objective To unravel other mechanisms involved in drug action, a "reverse" pharmacological approach was applied to determine antidepressant-induced alterations of hippocampal gene expression. Materials and methodsThe behavioral response to longterm paroxetine administration of male DBA/2Ola mice was assessed by the forced swim test (FST), the modified hole board (mHB), and the dark/light box. Hippocampi of test-naive mice were dissected, and changes in gene expression by paroxetine treatment were investigated by means of microarray technology. Results and discussion Robust effects of paroxetine on passive stress-coping behavior in the FST were observed. Furthermore, anxiolytic properties of long-term antidepressant treatment could be identified in DBA mice in both, the mHB and dark/light box. Analysis of microarray results revealed a list of 60 genes differentially regulated by chronic paroxetine treatment. Preproenkephalin 1 and inhibin beta-A showed the highest level of transcriptional change. Furthermore, a number of candidates involved in neuroplasticity/neurogenesis emerged (e.g., Bdnf, Gfap, Vim, Sox11, Egr1, Stat3). Seven selected candidates were confirmed by in situ hybridization. Additional immunofluorescence colocalization studies of GFAP and vimentin showed more positive cells to be detected in long-term paroxetine-treated DBA mice. Conclusion Candidate genes identified in the current study using a mouse strain validated for its responsiveness to long-term paroxetine treatment add, in our opinion, to unraveling the mechanism of action of paroxetine as a representative for SSRIs.

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Astroglia induce neurogenesis from adult neural stem cells

Cited by 1,282 publications

References 39 publications

Estrogen Enhances Neurogenesis and Behavioral Recovery after Stroke

Estrogen Enhances Neurogenesis and Behavioral Recovery after Stroke

Transplantation of neural progenitors enhances production of endogenous cells in the impaired brain

Profiling of behavioral changes and hippocampal gene expression in mice chronically treated with the SSRI paroxetine

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