Astrocytes and Inflammatory Processes in Alzheimer’s Disease

Burguet, Federico; Iradi, Antonio; Aldasoro, Martı́n; Vila, José M.; Aldasoro, Constanza; Vallés, Soraya L

doi:10.5772/intechopen.88701

Cited by 5 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 158 publications

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“…It has been shown in post-mortem specimens that neurofibrillary tangles were densely associated with those areas of the brain most affected by the disease, such as the hippocampus ( 18 ). The number of these tangles is correlated with severity of symptoms ( 19 ). Tau protein is a microtubule-associated protein (MAP) which aggregates into neurofibrillary tangles.…”

Section: Alzheimer's Disease Pathologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…S100B has been shown to induce astrocytes to become reactive in transgenic mice that overexpress S100b ( 52 ). Further studies have proven that cells, particularly astrocytes, that are S100B positive were located in higher concentrations around neuritic plaques in post-mortem AD brains ( 19 ). Specifically, there was a high concentration of these cells in areas of the brain known to be affected severely by AD, such as the hippocampus.…”

Section: Astrocytes In Alzheimer's Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Most pertinent to this discussion is the role of RAGE regarding astrocytes response. Reactive astrocytes surround the β-amyloid plaques and express RAGE ( 19 ). It has also been reported that β-amyloid can bind and activate RAGE on astrocytes and induce a pro-inflammatory state via a NF-κB pathway ( 87 ).…”

Section: Signaling Cascades Associated With Astrocytes In Admentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Many Faces of Astrocytes in Alzheimer's Disease

Monterey

Wei

et al. 2021

Front. Neurol.

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Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease and is the most common cause of dementia in an aging population. The majority of research effort has focused on the role of neurons in neurodegeneration and current therapies have limited ability to slow disease progression. Recently more attention has been given to the role of astrocytes in the process of neurodegeneration. Specifically, reactive astrocytes have both advantageous and adverse effects during neurodegeneration. The ability to isolate and depict astrocyte phenotype has been challenging. However, with the recent development of single-cell sequencing technologies researchers are provided with the resource to delineate specific biomarkers associated with reactive astrocytes in AD. In this review, we will focus on the role of astrocytes in normal conditions and the pathological development of AD. We will further review recent developments in the understanding of astrocyte heterogeneity and associated biomarkers. A better understanding of astrocyte contributions and phenotypic changes in AD can ultimately lead to more effective therapeutic targets.

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Section: Alzheimer's Disease Pathologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Astrocytes In Alzheimer's Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Signaling Cascades Associated With Astrocytes In Admentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

The Many Faces of Astrocytes in Alzheimer's Disease

Monterey

Wei

et al. 2021

Front. Neurol.

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“…In body's basic physiological state, tau (a microtubule associated protein of mature neuron) binds to the tubulin to make microtubules stable (Iqbal et al., 2010). The microtubules exhibit multiple functions and among them, the important one in neurons is their involvement in formation of axons, dendrites, and the network connecting both (Valles et al., 2020). In AD, Tau presents a hyperphosphorylation signature, hence, is separated from the microtubules and is converted into paired helical filaments by undergoing self‐aggregation.…”

Section: Neuroprotective Role Of Oleuropeinmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neuroprotective effects of oleuropein: Recent developments and contemporary research

et al. 2021

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Neurological disorders are increasing at a faster pace due to oxidative stress, protein aggregation, excitotoxicity, and neuroinflammation. It is reported that the Mediterranean diet including olives as a major dietary component prevents and ameliorates neurological anomalies. Oleuropein is the major bioactive component in different parts of the Olive (Olea europaea L.) tree. Several mechanisms have been reported for the neuroprotective role of oleuropein including induction of apoptosis and autophagy, enhancing the antioxidant pool of the cerebral region, decreasing the unnecessary release of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines by deactivating the microglia cells and astrocytes thus preventing the occurrence of neuroinflammation. Regular intake of oleuropein seems to be correlated with decreased risks of neural disorders including Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, strokes, depression, anxiety, epilepsy, and others. This review majorly discusses the chemistry, biosynthesis, and metabolism of oleuropein along with an updated vision of its neuroprotective role in counteracting the acute and chronic neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders. Moreover, mechanisms by which oleuropein may prevent neurodegeneration are reviewed. Practical application Neurological disorders are negatively affecting the health and life quality of individuals around the globe. Although various medicinal solutions are available to tackle such ailments, none has proven to fully cure and being deprived of side effects. In this respect, the prevention of such disorders using natural remedies may be an effective strategy to overcome the incidence of the increasing cases. Furthermore, the natural compounds provide a safer alternative to pharmaceutical drugs. Hence, oleuropein from olive tree products is found to be efficacious against neurological disorders. This review provides an updated insight on the positive effects of oleuropein against neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders. The diet practitioners and nutraceutical companies may benefit from the provided information to design and develop strategies to improve the mental health of suffering individuals.

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“…Several genetic susceptibility and environmental factors have been proposed to alter the risk of developing MS, but the underlying cause of the disease remains unknown [6,7]. The most typical pathomechanism involved in MS is simultaneous inflammatory and neurodegenerative processes [8,9]. Main pathological findings of MS include the blood-brain barrier disruption, multifocal inflammation, demyelination, oligodendrocyte loss, reactive gliosis, and axonal degeneration [10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Monitoring the Redox Status in Multiple Sclerosis

Tanaka¹,

Vécsei²

2020

Preprint

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Worldwide, over 2.2 million people are suffered from multiple sclerosis (MS), a multifactorial demyelinating disease of the central nervous system, characterized by multifocal inflammatory or demyelinating attacks associated with neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. The blood, cerebrospinal fluid, and postmortem brain samples of MS patients evidenced the presence of reduction-oxidation (redox) homeostasis disturbance such as the alternations of oxidative and antioxidative enzyme activities and the presence of degradation products. This review article discussed the components of redox homeostasis including reactive chemical species, oxidative enzymes, antioxidative enzymes, and degradation products. The reactive chemical species covered frequently discussed reactive oxygen/nitrogen species, rarely featured reactive chemicals such as sulfur, carbonyls, halogens, selenium, and nucleophilic species that potentially act as reductive as well as pro-oxidative stressors. The antioxidative enzyme systems covered the nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (NRF2)-Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (KEAP1) signaling pathway, a possible biomarker sensitive to the initial phase of oxidative stress. Altered components of the redox homeostasis in MS were discussed, some of which turned to be MS subtype- or treatment-specific and thus potentially become diagnostic, prognostic, predictive, and/or therapeutic biomarkers. Finally, monitoring a battery of redox components including oxidative, antioxidative and degradation products helps evaluate the redox status of MS patients, which expedites prolongation of remission, relapse prevention, and building personalized treatment plans.

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Astrocytes and Inflammatory Processes in Alzheimer’s Disease

Cited by 5 publications

References 158 publications

The Many Faces of Astrocytes in Alzheimer's Disease

The Many Faces of Astrocytes in Alzheimer's Disease

Neuroprotective effects of oleuropein: Recent developments and contemporary research

Monitoring the Redox Status in Multiple Sclerosis

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