Astaxanthin prevents changes in the activities of thioredoxin reductase and paraoxonase in hypercholesterolemic rabbits

Abstract

This study explored the effects of the antioxidant astaxanthin on paraoxonase and thioredoxin reductase activities as well as on other oxidative stress parameters and on the lipid profile in hypercholesterolemic rabbits. Rabbits were fed a standard or a hypercholesterolemic diet alone or supplemented with 50, 100 and 500 mg/100 g of astaxanthin for 60 days. Antioxidant enzymes activities, lipid profile and oxidative stress markers were evaluated in the serum. The hypercholesterolemic diet increased lipids, including unsaturated fatty acids level, whereas it decreased saturated fatty acids level. These changes were accompanied by increased levels of oxidized low-density lipoprotein and oxidized low-density lipoprotein antibodies, as well as lipid and protein oxidation. Astaxanthin (100 and 500 mg/100 g) prevented hypercholesterolemia-induced protein oxidation, whereas 500 mg/100 g of astaxanthin decreased protein oxidation per se . The activities of superoxide dismutase and thioredoxin reductase were enhanced, whereas paraoxonase activity was inhibited in hypercholesterolemic rabbits. All astaxanthin doses prevented changes in thioredoxin reductase and paraoxonase activities. This effect was not related to a direct effect of astaxanthin on these enzymes, because in vitro astaxanthin enhanced thioredoxin reductase and had no effect on paraoxonase activity. Astaxanthin could be helpful in cardiovascular diseases by restoring thioredoxin reductase and paraoxonase activities.

Dietary astaxanthin differentially affected the lipid accumulation in the liver and muscle of the marine teleost, tiger pufferTakifugu rubripes

“…It has been widely used as a functional additive in aquaculture, mostly as exogenous pigment and antioxidant (Choubert, Cravedi, & Laurentie, ; Ingle de la Mora, Arredondo‐Figueroa, Ponce‐Palafox, Barriga‐soca, & Vernon‐Carter, ; Page & Davies, ; Ytrestoyl & Bjerkeng, ). The regulating effects of ASTX on lipid metabolism have been reported in terrestrial animals (Aoi et al, ; Bhuvaneswari, Arunkumar, Viswanathan, & Anuradha, ; Jia et al, ; Jia, Wu, Kim, Kim, & Lee, ; Kimura et al, ; McCarty, ), which suggested that ASTX has high potential to lower the lipid accumulation in plasma, liver and adipose tissue, although there were also contradictory results in some studies (Augusti et al, ; Kim et al, ; Ursoniu, Sahebkar, Serban, & Banach, ). ASTX has even been considered to be a candidate for preventing the development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (Yang et al, ).…”

Diphenyl diselenide differently modulates cardiovascular redox responses in young adult and middle-aged low-density lipoprotein receptor knockout hypercholesterolemic mice

“…[42] Because the modulation of the cellular redox balance is critically important in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disorders and the TRx system exerts important protective roles against ROS, it seems likely that TRxR is a promising target for clinical therapy of CVD. [33,43] In this study, the treatment with (PhSe)2 increased TRxR activity in the heart homogenates of young adult LDLr −/− mice. Of particular therapeutic significance, (PhSe)2 can mimic the endogenous antioxidant enzyme GPx or can be metabolized by TRxR into selenol intermediates that can imitate the function of the antioxidant selenoenzymes, which favour the cardiovascular redox state.…”

Nutraceuticals: definition, applied nanoengineering in their production and applications

“…57 And also Reduces cardiovascular diseases. 58 Nutraceuticals and functional foods are used in the control of plasma cholesterol levels. 59 A variety of antioxidant compounds derived from natural products (nutraceuticals) have demonstrated neuroprotective activity in either in vitro or in vivo models of neuronal cell death or neurodegeneration.…”