Astaxanthin Attenuates Adriamycin-Induced Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis

Abstract

Background/Aim: Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) is a specific pattern of chronic renal injury with progressive glomerular scarring. The phenotypic alterations that contribute to FSGS include inflammatory response and oxidative stress. Astaxanthin (ATX) has a broad range of biological functions, particularly antioxidant and anti-inflammatory ones. This study was designed to evaluate the renoprotective effect of ATX treatment on Adriamycin-induced FSGS. Methods: In Balb/c mice, Adriamycin nephropathy was induced by Adriamycin (10 mg/kg body weight, diluted in normal saline) via a tail vein on day 0. Then the mice were treated with ATX (50 mg/kg body weight) once daily by oral gavage, again starting on the day of Adriamycin injection and continued for 6 weeks. At 6 weeks, the mice were sacrificed; kidneys and blood samples were collected for further analysis. Results: Animals that underwent intermittent exposure to ATX treatment exhibited significant improvements in renal functional parameters as well as in glomerular and interstitial fibrosis compared to those undergoing saline treatment in FSGS mouse models. ATX treatment exerted anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects by promoting Nrf2 expression and suppressing renal nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor protein 3 inflammasome activation. Conclusion: ATX might offer a ray of hope for ameliorating FSGS.

Periplaneta Americana Extract May Attenuate Renal Fibrosis through Inhibiting Janus Tyrosine Kinase 2/Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3 Pathway

“…The gene expression in each sample was analyzed in duplicate and normalized against the internal control gene ­GAPDH. Relative quantification of the target gene expression in patients compared with normal samples was performed with the ΔΔCt method [15]. …”

Resveratrol Attenuates Adriamycin-Induced Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis through C3aR/C5aR- Sphingosine Kinase 1 Pathway

“…The gene expression in each sample was analyzed in duplicate and normalized against the internal control gene GAPDH. Relative quantification of the target gene expression in patients compared with normal samples was performed using the ΔΔCt method [19]. …”

“…Similarly, in this study, we also build FSGS animal models by injecting adriamycin in the tail vein of Balb/c mice. Thus, we focus on the renoprotective role of RSV in FSGS using adriamycin nephropathy (AN) mouse models [19,20]. …”

Research Progress of Astaxanthin on Contrast agent induced acute kidney injury

“…effect 34,35 . Studies have shown that the protective effects of astaxanthin against many kidney diseases is related to antiapoptosis 3,4,36 . Considering the crucial role of oxidative stress in inducing pathological changes of IR and the antioxidant properties of ATX, ATX might alleviate tubular necrosis/ apoptosis and inflammation via scavenging free radical 19 .…”