Astaxanthin: A Review of its Chemistry and Applications

Higuera‐Ciapara, I.; Félix-Valenzuela, Leticia; Goycoolea, Francisco M.

doi:10.1080/10408690590957188

Cited by 1,046 publications

(792 citation statements)

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“…Synthetic astaxanthin contains a mixture of three stereoisomers associated with two chiral centers, that is (3R,3′R), (3R,3′S) (meso), and (3S,3′S), in approximately 1:2:1 proportions. The natural astaxanthin is mainly in the form of (3S,3′S), which exhibited higher bioactivity as compared to the synthesized astaxanthin (Guerin et al, 2003; Higuera‐Ciapara et al, 2006; Yuan and Chen, 1997). Therefore, there has been growing interest in application of the natural astaxanthin as colorant and supplements for food and feed additives.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A new paradigm for producing astaxanthin from the unicellular green alga Haematococcus pluvialis

Zhang

Wang

et al. 2016

Biotech & Bioengineering

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The unicellular green alga Haematococcus pluvialis has been exploited as a cell factory to produce the high‐value antioxidant astaxanthin for over two decades, due to its superior ability to synthesize astaxanthin under adverse culture conditions. However, slow vegetative growth under favorable culture conditions and cell deterioration or death under stress conditions (e.g., high light, nitrogen starvation) has limited the astaxanthin production. In this study, a new paradigm that integrated heterotrophic cultivation, acclimation of heterotrophically grown cells to specific light/nutrient regimes, followed by induction of astaxanthin accumulation under photoautotrophic conditions was developed. First, the environmental conditions such as pH, carbon source, nitrogen regime, and light intensity, were optimized to induce astaxanthin accumulation in the dark‐grown cells. Although moderate astaxanthin content (e.g., 1% of dry weight) and astaxanthin productivity (2.5 mg L−1 day−1) were obtained under the optimized conditions, a considerable number of cells died off when subjected to stress for astaxanthin induction. To minimize the susceptibility of dark‐grown cells to light stress, the algal cells were acclimated, prior to light induction of astaxanthin biosynthesis, under moderate illumination in the presence of nitrogen. Introduction of this strategy significantly reduced the cell mortality rate under high‐light and resulted in increased cellular astaxanthin content and astaxanthin productivity. The productivity of astaxanthin was further improved to 10.5 mg L−1 day−1 by implementation of such a strategy in a bubbling column photobioreactor. Biochemical and physiological analyses suggested that rebuilding of photosynthetic apparatus including D1 protein and PsbO, and recovery of PSII activities, are essential for acclimation of dark‐grown cells under photo‐induction conditions. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2016;113: 2088–2099. © 2016 The Authors. Biotechnology and Bioengineering Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A new paradigm for producing astaxanthin from the unicellular green alga Haematococcus pluvialis

Zhang

Wang

et al. 2016

Biotech & Bioengineering

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“…In the xanthophylls, oxygen may be present as hydroxyl groups, carbonyl groups or as a combination of both, as seen in astaxanthin 22 . The presence of hydroxyl (OH) and carbonyl (C=O) in each ionone ring (Figure 1) explains some of the features of astaxanthin, such as the ability to be esterified, a more polar nature and a high antioxidant capacity 5 .…”

Section: Chemical Structure Of Astaxanthinmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Synthetic astaxanthin is non-esterified, whereas astaxanthin in algae is always esterified 25 . On the other hand, crustaceans contain a mixture of the three aforementioned forms 22 .…”

Section: Chemical Structure Of Astaxanthinmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Astaxanthin: structural and functional aspects

Seabra

Pedrosa

2010

Rev. Nutr.

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1 Article based on L.M.J. SEABRA' s thesis project entitled "Litopenaeus vannamei shrimp: components of nutritional importance in meat and processing waste. A B S T R A C TAstaxanthin, a carotenoid belonging to the xanthophyll class, has stirred great interest due to its antioxidant capacity and its possible role in reducing the risk of some diseases. Astaxanthin occurs naturally in microalgae, such as Haematococcus pluvialis and the yeast Phaffia rhodozyma, and has also been considered to be the major carotenoid in salmon and crustaceans. Shrimp processing waste, which is generally discarded, is also an important source of astaxanthin. The antioxidant activity of astaxanthin has been observed to modulate biological functions related to lipid peroxidation, having beneficial effects on chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease, macular degeneration and cancer. Researches have shown that both astaxanthin obtained from natural sources and its synthetic counterpart produce satisfactory effects, but studies in humans are limited to natural sources. There is no established nutritional recommendation regarding astaxanthin daily intake but most studies reported beneficial results from a daily intake of 4mg. Thus, this review discusses some aspects of the carotenoid astaxanthin, highlighting its chemical structure and antioxidant activity, and some studies that report its use in humans.Indexing terms: Antioxidants. Astaxanthin. Carotenoids. Chronic diseases. R E S U M O

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“…Some examples of carotenoids with antioxidant properties are asthaxanthin and the bacterial oxycarotenoids produced by Rubrivivax gelatinosus. The bacterium grows in industry effluents consuming their organic load and producing a biomass containing mainly protein and oxycarotenoids (HIGUERA-CIAPARA et al, 2006;PONSANO et al, 2011). The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the Rubrivivax gelatinosus biomass on the course of the lipid oxidation of feeds made for Nile tilapia.…”

Section: Palavras-chavementioning

confidence: 99%