Associations of Urinary Phytoestrogen Concentrations with Sleep Disorders and Sleep Duration among Adults

Abstract

Current evidence on the relationship of phytoestrogens with sleep is limited and contradictory. In particular, studies on individual phytoestrogens and sleep have not been reported. Thus, this study aimed to appraise the associations of individual phytoestrogens with sleep disorders and sleep duration. This cross-sectional study comprising 4830 adults utilized data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005–2010. Phytoestrogens were tested in urine specimens. Sleep disorders and sleep duration were based on a self-reported doctor’s diagnosis and usual sleep duration. The main analyses utilized logistic and multinomial logistic regression models and a restricted cubic spline. In the fully adjusted model, compared with tertile 1 (lowest), the odds ratios (95% confidence intervals (CIs)) of sleep disorders for the highest tertile of urinary concentrations of enterolactone, enterodiol, and O-desmethylangolensin were 0.64 (0.41–1.00), 1.54 (1.07–2.21), and 1.89 (1.26–2.85), respectively. Linear inverse, approximatively linear positive, and inverted L-shaped concentration–response relationships were found between enterolactone, enterodiol, and O-desmethylangolensin and sleep disorders, respectively. Compared with normal sleep (7–8 h/night), the relative risk ratio (RRR) (95% CI) of very short sleep for enterolactone was 0.56 (0.36–0.86), and the RRR (95% CI) of long sleep risk for genistein was 0.62 (0.39–0.99). Furthermore, negative associations of genistein with sleep disorders and enterolactone with long sleep risk, as well as positive associations of enterodiol with both long and very short sleep, were observed in the stratified analysis by age or gender. Finally, a notable finding was that urinary O-desmethylangolensin concentration was positively related to sleep disorders in both females aged 40–59 years and non-Hispanic Whites but inversely associated with sleep disorders in both females aged 60 years or over and other Hispanics. Our findings suggested that enterolactone and genistein might be beneficial for preventing sleep disorders or non-normal sleep duration among adults, and enterodiol might be adverse toward this goal. However, the association of O-desmethylangolensin with sleep disorders might be discrepant in different races and females of different ages.

Associations of Dietary ω-3, ω-6 Fatty Acids Consumption with Sleep Disorders and Sleep Duration among Adults

“…Sleep duration was collected using the following question: "How much sleep do you usually get at night on weekdays or workdays?" and was further categorized as long (≥9 h), normal (7-<9 h), short (5-<7 h), and very short (<5 h) sleep duration [7,42].…”

“…Epidemiologic studies have explored the relationship between sleep and dietary factors, such as vegetables and fruits [16], dairy [17], phytoestrogens [7], caffeine [18], and Nutrients 2021, 13, 1475 2 of 12 zinc [19]. As common and essential nutrients, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are mainly obtained from foods [20].…”

“…Sleep is necessary for health and plays a crucial part in physical and mental function, the immune system, and working or learning performance [ 1 , 2 , 3 ]. However, sleep disorders, which mainly include insomnia, parasomnias, hypersomnolence, circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders, sleep-related movement and breathing disorders, and other sleep disorders [ 4 ], are common in adults with the prevalence ranges from 6.25% to 35.9% [ 5 , 6 , 7 ]. Specifically, sleep structure can differ depending on age and sex.…”

Dietary Polyphenols and Human Health

“…The association between urinary phytoestrogens (enterolactone, enterodiol, daidzein, O-desmethylangolensin, equol, and genistein) and sleeping disorders and sleep duration was examined in adults from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005-2010. Discrepant results were found, depending on the metabolites and the race and sex of the participants, revealing the need for further studies with prospective cohorts and clinical trials [9].…”

“…In this Special Issue on "Dietary Polyphenols and Human Health", a series of 10 papers are presented, including three literature reviews [6][7][8] and seven original research papers [9][10][11][12][13][14][15]. The described research contributes to filling some of the gaps in our knowledge about the beneficial effects of dietary polyphenols on chronic health conditions, notably cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, neurological impairment, and also certain risk factors.…”