Associations of Sodium and Potassium with Obesity Measures Among Diverse US Hispanic/Latino Adults: Results from the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos

Abstract

Objective To evaluate cross-sectional associations of sodium and potassium with body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), and body fat and determine whether nativity/duration of US residence modified these associations. Methods Sodium and potassium were derived from 24-hour diet recalls from 16,156 US participants of the 2008–2011 Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL) and from 24-hour urine in 447 HCHS/SOL participants. BMI, WC, and body fat were measured. Results 500 mg/day higher dietary sodium was cross-sectionally associated with 0.07 kg/m2 higher BMI (p<0.05) and 0.18 cm larger WC (p=0.04). 500 mg/day higher dietary potassium was only associated with lower BMI and smaller WC among those foreign-born with 10+ years in the US (−0.13 kg/m2, p<0.01; and −0.36cm, p=0.01, respectively) and among the US born (−0.62 kg/m2, p<0.01 and −1.42 cm, p<0.01, respectively). 500 mg/day higher urinary sodium was associated with 0.27 kg/m2 higher BMI (p<0.01) and 0.54 kg more body fat (p<0.01). Conclusions Sodium intake was associated with higher BMI, WC, and body fat. Potassium intake, was associated with lower BMI and smaller WC among US-born and participants with longer duration of US residence.

The association between dietary sodium intake, adiposity and sugar-sweetened beverages in children and adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis

“…Reasons for exclusion from metaanalyses included; findings were only presented as correlation coefficients (n=16) (35, 54-56, 61, 68, 77, 78, 81, 82, 84, 86, 87, 90, 92, 96) or as standardised regression coefficients (n=4) (57,64,89,94) , the exposure variable was presented as sodium density (n=2) (12,72) or 24-hr urinary sodium excretion was reported as sodium concentration (mmol/L) (74) or on a logarithmic scale (52,58) . Of the studies included in meta-analyses, 14 were from Asia (62,63,66,69,70,73,75,76,83,85,91,97,100,101) , eight from USA (10,11,59,60,71,88,102,103) , five from South and Central America (53,65,79,80,93) , four from Europe (9,67,95,99) , one from Samoa (98) and one included data collected across four countries (e.g. Japan, USA, UK, China) (104) .…”

“…Outcomes which were included in separate meta-analyses were BMI (n=31) (9-11, 53, 59, 60, 63, 65-67, 69-71, 73, 75, 76, 79, 80, 83, 85, 88, 93, 95, 97-104) , weight category (n=8) (9,11,63,73,91,97,103,104) , BW (n=7) (60,65,67,71,73,93,101) , WC (n=9) (9,65,66,70,73,75,80,83,100) and abdominal obesity (n=5) (62,66,73,102,103) . Only nine studies adjusted for energy intake (9,10,59,66,73,91,(102)(103)(104) and three studies adjusted for SSB intake (9,11,103) .…”

“…A separate meta-analysis was performed to combine findings from the nine studies (10,11,59,69 Figure S7). Due to the smaller number of studies no sub-group analyses to assess potential sources of heterogeneity were performed, nor was publication bias assessed.…”

Paucity of high‐quality studies reporting on salt and health outcomes from the science of salt: A regularly updated systematic review of salt and health outcomes (April 2017 to March 2018)

“…Identified studies were meta‐analyses (n = 1), RCTs (n = 3), prospective cohort studies (n = 4), retrospective case–control studies (n = 1), cross‐sectional studies (n = 27), case–control studies (n = 1), post hoc analyses of RCTs (n = 2), and quasi‐experimental studies (n = 3). Three studies assessed morbidity outcomes, two studies assessed outcomes related to symptoms/quality of life/functional status, 31 studies assessed clinically relevant surrogate outcomes, including 26 that assessed blood pressure outcomes, and six studies assessed physiologic outcomes . Of these studies, only three studies met the minimum methodological criteria for detailed critical appraisal (Table ).…”

Alkali Metal Chelation by 3–Hydroxy–4–Pyridinone

“…Ion selective electrodes (ISE) are those devices for diagnosing which its amount in the body could maintain the personal mood and behavior and its discrepancies could yield mood disorders [7]. Both of Na and K are very much important for balancing the fluids in and around the cells, maintaining blood pressure, managing the muscle functions and operating the nerve systems [8][9][10]. In one hand; the diagnoses of these elements are important for body health examinations and on the hand; supplying body with these element resources are sometimes dominant for health maintenance [11].…”