Associations of Insomnia With Hypertension and Coronary Artery Disease Among Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Abstract

Purpose: This study aimed to determine whether insomnia is associated with hypertension (HBP) and coronary artery disease (CAD) in a hospital-based sample of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).Methods: Our present study included 354 patients with T2DM. According to the diagnostic criteria of insomnia, the participants were assigned to three groups based on the duration of T2DM and insomnia diagnosis. Patients with T2DM alone were placed in group A; patients with T2DM longer than insomnia were placed in group B; and patients with insomnia longer than T2DM were placed in group C. Medical history was collected from all the patients in detail. Besides, the participants underwent thorough physical examinations and laboratory measurements. Propensity score matching (PSM) was applied to evaluate the associations of insomnia with HBP and CAD. The univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to explore whether insomnia was a risk factor for HBP and CAD in patients with T2DM.Results: Of 354 patients, 225 patients were included in group A, 62 patients were included in group B, and 67 patients were included in group C. Compared with groups B and C, group A showed a lower prevalence of HBP and CAD (p < 0.05). In addition, compared with group B, group C showed no difference in the prevalence of HBP and CAD (p > 0.05). After PSM was performed, groups B and C had a higher prevalence of HBP and CAD (p < 0.05) than group A with no significant difference between groups B and C (p > 0.05). In the univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis, insomnia was a risk factor for HBP [univariate: odds ratio (OR) = 3.376, 95% CI 2.290–6.093, p < 0.001; multivariate: OR = 2.832, 95% CI 1.373–5.841, p = 0.005] and CAD (univariate: OR = 5.019, 95% CI 3.148–8.001, p < 0.001; multivariate: OR = 5.289, 95% CI 2.579–10.850, p < 0.001).Conclusion: T2DM combined with insomnia was related to HBP and CAD and insomnia was a risk factor for HBP and CAD in patients with T2DM. However, larger, prospective studies are required to confirm our findings.

Consequences of Sleep Deprivation in Adult Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 Patients: An Integrative Review

“…Diabetes type 2 relevance. All relevant is English language 80% were from medical school education [1], [4], [9], [11], [13], [14], [17], [19], [20], [26], [27], [28], [42], [47], [53]., only 20% from nursing education [6], [10], [30], [46] . 1 and 2)…”

“…The associations of diabetes type 2 with blood pressure control mean the difference between diabetes type 2 with standard sleep groups. Furthermore, group diabetes type 2 with insomnia was −26.2% (95% CI, 0.12-0.38; p < 0.001), and the mean alteration between diabetes type 2 and insomnia with diabetes type 2 was −32.6% (95% CI, 0.19-0.43; p < 0.001); diabetes type with insomnia and insomnia with diabetes type 2 is no significant difference [9]. Typical variables are associated with a substantial indicator of arterial wall thickening (CA-IMT) REM sleep lateness, age, DM length, systolic blood pressure, and HbA1c as free variables, REM sleep latency (β = −0.232, p = 0.038).…”

“…Sleep deprivation increases the risk of cardiovascular illnesses, for instance, heart attack, heart failure, and arrhythmia elevated blood pressure, ischemic stroke, and diabetes, especially among people with pre-existing risk factors, such as those with high blood lipids [9], [27]. Two reviews revealed the consequences of sleep deprivation in diabetes type 2 on the possibility of a cardiovascular syndrome.…”

“…The diversity among the group of diabetes type2 with normal sleep and the group of diabetes type2 with sleeplessness was 37.4% (95% CI, 0.23-0.50; p < 0.001), and the variance between the group of diabetes type 2 with regular sleep group of sleeplessness with diabetes type 2 was 38.6% (95% https://oamjms.eu/index.php/mjms/index CI, 0.24-0.51; p < 0.001). There is no meaningful variance in the occurrence of CAD between classes of diabetes type 2 with sleeplessness and group of sleeplessness with diabetes (p > 0.05) [9]. The model includes variables univariate connected with carotid intima-media thickness CA-IMT (REM sleep inactivity, age, diabetes type 2 interval, systolic blood pressure, and HbA1c) as impartial variables, REM sleep inactivity (β = −0.232, p = 0.038).…”

Sleep Disorders and Coronary Artery Disease

“…In conclusion, the univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that insomnia was a risk factor for hypertension (univariate: OR = 3.376; 95% CI, 2.290–6.093; P < 0.001; multivariate: OR = 2.832; 95% CI, 1.373–5.841; P = 0.005) and CAD (univariate: OR = 5.019; 95% CI, 3.148–8.001; P < 0.001; multivariate: OR = 5.289; 95% CI, 2.579–10.850; P < 0.001). 44…”