Associations of Foot Posture and Function to Lower Extremity Pain: Results From a Population‐Based Foot Study

Abstract

Objective Studies have implicated foot posture and foot function as risk factors for lower extremity pain. Empirical population-based evidence for this assertion is lacking; therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate cross-sectional associations of foot posture and foot function to lower extremity joint pain in a population-based study of adults. Methods Participants were members of the Framingham Foot Study. lower extremity joint pain was determined by the response to the NHANES-type question, “On most days do you have pain, aching or stiffness in your [hips, knees, ankles, or feet]?” Modified Arch Index (MAI) classified participants as having planus, rectus (referent) or cavus foot posture. Center of Pressure Excursion Index (CPEI) classified participants as having over-pronated, normal (referent) or over-supinated foot function. Crude and adjusted (age, gender, BMI) logistic regression determined associations of foot posture and function to lower extremity pain. Results Participants with planus structure had higher odds of knee (1.57, 95% CI: 1.24– 1.99) or ankle (1.47, 95% CI: 1.05–2.06) pain, whereas those with a cavus foot structure had increased odds of ankle pain only (7.56, 95% CI: 1.99–28.8) and pain at one lower extremity site (1.37, 95% CI: 1.04–1.80). Associations between foot function and lower extremity joint pain were not statistically significant, except for a reduced risk of hip pain in those with an over-supinated foot function (0.69, 95% CI: 0.51–0.93). Conclusions These findings offer a link between foot posture and lower extremity pain, highlighting the need for longitudinal or intervention studies.

Foot Arch Differences in Elderly People at Standing: Considering Gender and Age

“…Whereas foot type is related to foot function [2,13], it is important to perceive the difference of foot arch between ages and genders, to help prevent risk of injuries [14].…”

Temporary ectopic hand implantation

“…[9] Several recipient sites are available for temporary ectopic implantation, including the groin, lower leg, foot, and opposite arm and hand. [4][5][6][7] Selection is generally based on matching the vessels between the recipient site and the implanted part. In our case, a venous network on the dorsum of the foot was presented, which can be included in the dorsalis pedis fasciocutaneous flap.…”

“…The disability score for the arm, shoulder, and hand [6] was 78. Based on a foot function assessment, [7] the patient reported no foot pain and had no difficulty when he stood on tiptoe or walked in the house. The patient had no difficulty when he walked outside for four blocks, climbed or descended stairs, got up from a chair, climbed curbs, ran, or walked quickly.…”

Congenital Foot Anomalies; Frequency Among Children Reporting at Chal Foundation, Swabi, Pakistan

“…14 The incidence of hallux valgus is 3%, 9%, and 16% for age 15 to 30, 31 to 60 and above 60 respectively. 13 The natural prognosis of all adductus anomalies, except CTEV has been shown to be positive. Prospective monitoring showed that for 87% and 95% of children at age of 6 and 16 years respectively, the adductus anomalies had resolved.…”

“…Pes-planus on the other hand is characterized by a low longitudinal arch, and is normal in young children and resolves as the child grows. 11,12 Hallux Valgus is commonly associated with pesplanus, and is also considered as a genetic anamoly, 13 the incidence of which is amplified with age. Pes planus is also found to influence tibiofemoral angle resulting in valgus angulation at the knee.…”