Associations of duration of smoking cessation and cumulative smoking exposure with periodontitis

Abstract

This cross-sectional study investigated associations of cumulative smoking exposure and duration of smoking cessation with periodontitis and evaluated the effects of biological, behavioral, and social risk variables on these associations. The sample comprised 705 adults of both sexes (age, 35-65 years) who underwent a full-mouth periodontal examination. Subjects were classified according to smoking status as nonsmokers, former smokers, and current smokers, and univariate and multivariate analysis was used to evaluate associations between periodontitis prevalence and potential risk variables. The rates of periodontitis among nonsmokers, former smokers, and current smokers were 25.6%, 29.3%, and 45.1% respectively. After adjusting for other periodontal risk variables the odds ratio (95% confidence interval) for periodontitis was 3.09 (1.98-4.92) for former smokers and 5.24 (2.61-8.97) for current smokers. A significant dose-response relationship between pack-years of smoking and periodontitis prevalence was observed, as was a significant decrease in the risk of periodontitis as years of smoking cessation increased. Cumulative smoking exposure and duration of smoking cessation were significantly associated with periodontitis.

Alcohol intake and periodontitis in adults aged ≥30 years: NHANES 2009–2012

“…Clinically, some studies have reported a statistically significant association between alcohol consumption and periodontitis, while others have not . Because research on this relationship is limited to cross‐sectional observational studies, some of these investigations were underpowered, with no definitive results or conclusions.…”

Cumulative smoking exposure and cessation associated with the recurrence of periodontitis in periodontal maintenance therapy: A 6‐year follow‐up

“…Scientific evidence also demonstrated that smokers lose more teeth and have a less favorable response to therapy when compared with NS . Thus, it is well established that smoking significantly impacts on the onset, the progression and the outcomes of periodontitis . Moreover, a biologic gradient was also demonstrated, where heavy smokers presented higher attachment loss than light smokers .…”

“…Different indicators or risk factors, including biological, behavioral, and social variables, can influence the periodontal status of individuals under PMT . Among these variables, periodontal literature highlights the influence of poor biofilm control and smoking …”

“…In addition, several studies are unanimous in demonstrating that smokers present increased susceptibility and greater severity of periodontitis compared with non‐smokers (NS) . Scientific evidence also demonstrated that smokers lose more teeth and have a less favorable response to therapy when compared with NS .…”

Regulation of p53 under hypoxic and inflammatory conditions in periodontium

“…The frequency of patients suffering from periodontitis increases steadily with a prevalence over 50 % for patients older than 30 years [21]. Extrinsic factors like smoking, genetic predisposition, and periodontal pathogen bacteria seem to play a pivotal role in this common inflammatory periodontal process [22][23][24]. Porphyromonas gingivalis (P.g.…”