Associations of diet quality with cognition in children – the Physical Activity and Nutrition in Children Study

Haapala, Eero A.; Eloranta, Aino-Maija; Venäläinen, Taisa; Schwab, Ursula; Lindi, Virpi; Lakka, Timo A.

doi:10.1017/s0007114515001634

Cited by 55 publications

(70 citation statements)

References 51 publications

(65 reference statements)

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“…Studies that met all these criteria and examined food quality or macronutrients are included in Table 1 (15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26) , and studies that examined specific foods are included in Table 2 (17,(27)(28)(29)(30)(31)(32)(33)(34)(35) . Information extracted from each study included the following:…”

Section: Study Selectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This study found that the 'Healthy' dietary pattern was associated with fewer errors on the Groton Maze Learning Test (β = − 0•023; P = 0•035). Haapala et al (17) studied the association between non-verbal fluid intelligence/ abstract reasoning and overall diet quality among 428 children aged 6-8 years in Finland. This study calculated both Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) scores and Baltic Sea Diet Scores (BSDS) based on 4-d food records and assessed cognitive performance with the Raven's Coloured Progressive Matrixes (CPM).…”

Section: Studies Examining Food Quality or Macronutrientsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Haapala et al (17) Cross-sectional study n 512, 6-8-year-old children in Finland (19) Cross-sectional study n 65, 7-9-year-old children in the USA Khan et al (20) Cross-sectional study n 150, 7-10-year-old children in the USA One 24-h food recall to asses carbohydrate, protein and fat intake Colour-shape switch task Greater total fat intake was associated with greater local switch task costs for accuracy Greater SFA and cholesterol intake was associated with greater 'switch' costs for accuracy and reaction time V, CC Micha et al (21) Observational study n 60, 11-14-year-old children and adolescents in England (22) School-based feeding study with students randomised to GL status and a crossover design for GI (24) Cross-sectional study n 70, 7-9-year-old children in the USA Ames et al (27) Cross-sectional study n 198, 14-17-yearold adolescents in the USA Haapala et al (17) Cross-sectional study n 428, 6-8-year-old children in Finland (30) Cross-sectional study n 107, 9-10-year-old children in the USA Riggs et al (31) After-school-based study with students randomised to intervention or control group n 184, 9-10-year-old children in the USA Riggs et al (32) Cross-sectional study n 1587, 9-10-yearolds in the USA Ames et al (27) + N/A N/A Not enough information given + Examined sex separately Benton et al (15) + + + + + Sex (not included in models as there were no differences by sex) Chung et al (28) + + + + + Randomised by age, education, height, weight and BMI Cooper et al (16) + + + Not enough information given + Haapala et al (17) N/A N/A Not enough information given + Age, sex, parental education, and household income, total physical activity, total screen-based sedentary behaviour, cardiovascular performance, motor performance, body fat percentage, clinical puberty, current height as a percentage of the predicted adult height, developmental disorders, skipping meals, eating behaviours, and total energy Ingwersen et al (39) + + + Not enough information given + Examined sex separately Khan et al (19) N/A N/A Not enough information given + Age, pubertal stage, intelligence quotient, VO 2max , and per cent fat mass (sex and SES were not significant confounders) Khan et al (20) N/A N/A Not enough information given + Age, sex, SES, Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test, VO 2max , BMI, and total energy intake Mahoney et al (29) + + + + + Micha et al (21) + N/A + Not enough information given + Sex, SES, age, height, weight, BMI, Hb levels, blood glucose levels, 'happy' mood score before the cognitive function tests, and time between breakfast and the ...…”

Section: Studies Examining Food Quality or Macronutrientsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The effect of healthy dietary consumption on executive cognitive functioning in children and adolescents: a systematic review

et al. 2016

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A systematic review was conducted to evaluate whether healthier dietary consumption among children and adolescents impacts executive functioning. PubMed, Education Resources Information Center, PsychINFO and Thomson Reuters' Web of Science databases were searched, and studies of executive functioning among children or adolescents aged 6-18 years, which examined food quality, macronutrients and/or foods, were included. Study quality was also assessed. In all, twenty-one studies met inclusion criteria. Among the twelve studies examining food quality (n 9) or macronutrient intakes (n 4), studies examining longer-term diet (n 6) showed positive associations between healthier overall diet quality and executive functioning, whereas the studies examining the acute impact of diet (n 6) were inconsistent but suggestive of improvements in executive functioning with better food quality. Among the ten studies examining foods, overall, there was a positive association between healthier foods (e.g. whole grains, fish, fruits and/or vegetables) and executive function, whereas less-healthy snack foods, sugar-sweetened beverages and red/processed meats were inversely associated with executive functioning. Taken together, evidence suggests a positive association between healthy dietary consumption and executive functioning. Additional studies examining the effects of healthier food consumption, as well as macronutrients, on executive functioning are warranted. These studies should ideally be conducted in controlled environments and use validated cognitive tests.Key words: Executive functioning: Systematic reviews: Child and adolescent diet: Healthy dietary patterns Cognitive functioning plays a crucial role in both academic achievement (1,2) and health-related decision making (3)(4)(5) in children and adolescents. Executive functioning (EF) is a particularly important domain within cognitive processing and consists of the mental capacity to make goal-directed behaviours, including inhibitory control, working memory, attention and planning. EF skills develop throughout childhood and adolescence and parallel the developmental changes that occur in the brain throughout this period (6) .Diet is likely to play an important role in cognitive functioning and EF, and previous literature reviews have focused on the impact of breakfast consumption and its association with general child cognition and/or academic performance. A review of forty-one publications by Hoyland et al. (7) concluded that compared with skipping breakfast, children who consumed breakfast demonstrated improved cognitive performance based on various measures of cognitive functioning and academic achievement. The observed effect was greater among nutritionally at-risk or stunted children compared with those who were well nourished. However, the quality of the breakfast was not assessed given the paucity of publications in that area, and the breakfasts cited within the studies reviewed were typically of poor nutritional quality (e.g. high in refined carbohydrates ...

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Section: Study Selectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Studies Examining Food Quality or Macronutrientsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Studies Examining Food Quality or Macronutrientsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The effect of healthy dietary consumption on executive cognitive functioning in children and adolescents: a systematic review

et al. 2016

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“…In contrast, compared to their counterparts in the control group, healthy elders who had long-term diet restriction consisting of a 30% reduction in calories experienced improved memory (Witte et al, 2009); similarly, calorie restriction improved the working memory of male mouse lemurs (Dal-Pan et al, 2011). Although studies associated with diet and cognitive function in children are limited, poor diet quality has been linked to lower cognitive performance in the other populations (Haapala et al, 2015). These findings provide initial evidence of the effects of diet restriction on specific cognitive functions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exercise and dietary program-induced weight reduction is associated with cognitive function among obese adolescents: a longitudinal study

Xie

Wang

Zhou

et al. 2017

PeerJ

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ObjectiveThe present study was to determine the effect of a combined exercise and dietary program on cognitive function as well as the relationship between the program-induced weight change and cognitive function alterations.DesignThe study applies a quasi-experimental design.MethodsFifty-eight adolescents with obese status (body mass index, BMI >28 kg/m2) were assigned to either an experiment (n = 30) or control group (n = 28). Participants in the experiment group received a scheduled program with a specific exercise protocol (two sessions per day, six days per week) and diet plan for four consecutive weeks; the control group was instructed to maintain their normal school activities. The primary outcome measures were anthropometric data and flanker task performance.ResultsThe combined program led to reduced BMI with maintenance of the incongruent accuracy in the experiment group, but the incongruent accuracy decreased in the control group after the four-week period. Additionally, the change in weight status between post- and pre-test measurements was inversely correlated with the change in incongruent accuracy.ConclusionThe combined exercise and dietary program resulted in decreased weight and enhanced executive function in the obese adolescents, and the weight alteration may be considered the mediator between the intervention and executive function.

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“…[1][2][3][4][5][6][7] This is of concern because few youth meet all dietary intake recommendations. 1 Healthier dietary behavior established in childhood has been associated with decreased lifelong risk of many chronic diseases including obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and some cancers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Incorporating Technology Into the iCook 4-H Program, a Cooking Intervention for Adults and Children: Randomized Controlled Trial (Preprint)

Colby¹,

Moret²,

Olfert³

et al. 2018

Preprint

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1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 Objective: Describe challenges and facilitators to incorporating technology into the iCook-4-H intervention program. Design: Randomized control trial.Setting: Community-based participatory childhood obesity prevention program.Participants: 288 dyads; youth (9.4±0.7 years old) and adult primary meal preparers (39.0±8 years). Intervention(s):Six in-person sessions to increase families cooking, eating and playing together with online between-session technology components of curriculum.Main Outcome Measure(s): Baseline, 4, 12, and 24-month assessments included measured anthropometrics for youth and online surveys about camera and website skill and use for dyads. Session leaders and participants completed open-ended process evaluations after each session about technology components.Analysis: Chi Square analysis computed for gender differences in technology variables. Relationships between video posting frequency and outcomes of interest (cooking frequency, self-efficacy and skills; dietary intake; and body mass index [BMI]) were tested with Spearman correlations.Process evaluations and open-ended survey responses were thematically analyzed for beneficial and inhibiting factors including technology components in the curriculum.Results: Only 78.6% of youth and 68.3% of adults reported always being comfortable accessing the internet post-intervention. Male youth reported being more comfortable with technology tasks than females (p< 0.05). Youth who posted more videos had higher cooking skills at 4-months post-intervention (r=0.189, p=0.05). Barriers to website usage reported most frequently by youth included lack of accessibility, remembering, interactivity, motivation, time, and lack of parental encouragement. Conclusions and Implications:Incorporating technology supports, like cameras and websites, into youth programs may help produce improved outcomes. Identifying barriers to and patterns of technology usage need to be considered when developing future youth health-promotion interventions.

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Associations of diet quality with cognition in children – the Physical Activity and Nutrition in Children Study

Cited by 55 publications

References 51 publications

The effect of healthy dietary consumption on executive cognitive functioning in children and adolescents: a systematic review

The effect of healthy dietary consumption on executive cognitive functioning in children and adolescents: a systematic review

Exercise and dietary program-induced weight reduction is associated with cognitive function among obese adolescents: a longitudinal study

Incorporating Technology Into the iCook 4-H Program, a Cooking Intervention for Adults and Children: Randomized Controlled Trial (Preprint)

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