Associations of diabetic retinopathy with retinal neurodegeneration on the background of diabetes mellitus. Overview of recent medical studies with an assessment of the impact on healthcare systems

Abstract

<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is one of the biggest healthcare and financial problems worldwide. The disease is strongly associated with microvascular and macrovascular complications, causing co-existing diseases like Diabetic Retinopathy, Diabetic Neuropathy and Diabetic Nephropathy. Annual healthcare expenditures for diabetes treatment and complications prevention cost 727 billion USD in year 2017.</jats:p><jats:p>Diabetes Mellitus, Diabetic Retinopathy and Diabetic Retinal Neuropathy are closely related diseases - originating from incorrectly controlled glycemia, blood pressure and lipid levels in the course of increasing resistance of the body tissues to insulin.</jats:p><jats:p>Irrespectively of thorough programs for Diabetes Mellitus prevention and treatment, Diabetic Retinopathy management requires targeted treatment strategies for both microvasculopathy and retinal neurodegeneration, to delay disease severity course and risk of blindness.</jats:p><jats:p>The study and conclusions in this article are based on web-available data and officially published articles related to the diabetes mellitus and associated diseases – Diabetic Retinopathy and Diabetic Retinal Neuropathy. The articles have been reviewed and analyzed to assess mutual relations between the discussed diseases.</jats:p>

Clinical pharmacists in chronic care

“…53 Annual worldwide economic cost of diabetic care was calculated at $727 billion in year 2017 which is predicted to be $776 billion for year 2045 respectively. 54 Currently, more than 230 million Asian individuals are living with diabetes, accounting for approximately 55% of the world's diabetic population. China and India collectively are home of nearly 110 million diabetic patients.…”

Clinical Pharmacists in Chronic care [Part 1]

“…More than 12% of total global health expenditure goes to diabetes, according to IDF [53]. Annual worldwide economic cost of diabetic care was calculated at $727 billion in year 2017 which is predicted to be $776 billion for year 2045 respectively [54]. Currently, more than 230 million Asian individuals are living with diabetes, accounting for approximately 55% of the world's diabetic population.…”

Fushiming Capsule Attenuates Diabetic Rat Retina Damage via Antioxidation and Anti-Inflammation

“…Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a kind of neurovascular complication of diabetes [1]. Despite the availability of effective treatment, DR remains one of the most common causes of blindness among working age adults [2]. It is expected that the global number of diabetes patients will double by 2030 comparing with about 400 million in 2017 [3, 4].…”

“…Furthermore, more than a third of people with diabetes have symptoms of DR [5]. Currently, the main effective methods for DR treatment include laser photocoagulation, vitrectomy, and intravitreal injections of corticosteroids or anti-VEGF agents [2, 6]. These mentioned methods exhibit modest clinical effects, but none is yet to fully deaden clinical progression or reverse retinal damage [7].…”