Associations of ACE I/D polymorphism with the levels of ACE, kallikrein, angiotensin II and interleukin-6 in STEMI patients

Abstract

This study aimed to compare the plasma levels of angiotensin-I converting enzyme (ACE), Angiotensin II (AngII), kallikrein (KLK1) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients with different ACE Insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphisms in a Chinese population. The ACE genotypes were determined in the 199 STEMI patients and 216 control subjects. STEMI patients were divided into three groups based on the ACE genotypes. Single polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed to characterize ACE I/D polymorphisms. Plasma levels of ACE, AngII, KLK1 and IL-6 were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). We found that the DD or ID genotype was significantly independently associated with high ACE (OR = 4.697; 95% CI = 1.927–11.339), KLK1 (3.339; 1.383–8.063) and IL-6 levels (OR = 2.10; 1.025–4.327) in STEMI patients. However, there was no statistical significance between the ACE I/D polymorphism and AngII plasma levels whether in univariate or multivariate logistic regression. Additionally, we detected a significantly positive correlation between plasma KLK1 levels and IL-6 levels in STEMI patients (r = 0.584, P < 0.001). The study showed high levels of ACE, KLK1 and IL-6 were detected when the D allele was present, but AngII plasma levels was not influenced by the ACE I/D polymorphism.

Alu retrotransposons and COVID-19 susceptibility and morbidity

“…Studies characterizing the effects of the Alu I/D on the outcome of infectious diseases and CVDs since 2015 are provided in Supplementary Table 1 . Interestingly, among patients with myocardial infarction (MI), the D-allele of ACE is associated with higher levels of IL-6, which has been associated with worse outcomes of COVID-19 [ 1 , 49 ]. Considering studies of the ACE I/D polymorphism in human population genetics, the variant may in part underlie the biological factors contributing to individual race/ethnicity-related host response observed in the clinical manifestations and outcomes of COVID-19 [ 50 ].…”

Influence of ACE Gene I/D Polymorphism on Cardiometabolic Risk, Maximal Fat Oxidation, Cardiorespiratory Fitness, Diet and Physical Activity in Young Adults

“…In this line, a human angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) gene insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism, located on chromosome 17q23, is associated with CVD [5,6]. The ACE I/D polymorphism consists in the presence (insertion, I) or absence (deletion, D) of a 287 base pair fragment in intron 16 of ACE gene [7].…”

“…The ACE I/D polymorphism consists in the presence (insertion, I) or absence (deletion, D) of a 287 base pair fragment in intron 16 of ACE gene [7]. The ACE gene produces the protein ACE, which converts angiotensin (AngI) into angiotensin II (AngII), a potent vasoactive peptide that leads to effects mainly hypertensive, highlighting its role in the physiology of blood vessels and inflammation [5,8]. Indeed, higher plasma levels of ACE have been reported when the D allele was present [5], accordingly, the ACE DD genotype has been established as an independent risk factor of CVD and hypertension [6,9].…”

Expression of ACE2 receptor, soluble ACE2, Angiotensin I, Angiotensin II and Angiotensin (1-7), is modulated in COVID-19 patients

“…Anti-HT therapy used by the patients were recorded and indicated in Table I . In addition, worldwide ACE (52-54) and ACE2 polymorphisms (55-57), are thought to change the AngII plasma levels and affect COVID-19 severity and recovery rate. It was previously claimed that Asian people express ACE2 higher than Caucasian and African American populations (46).…”