Associations of accelerometer‐based sedentary time, light physical activity and moderate‐to‐vigorous physical activity with resting cardiac structure and function in adolescents according to sex, fat mass, lean mass, BMI, and hypertensive status

Abstract

Background This study examined the independent relationships of device‐based measured sedentary time (ST) and physical activity (PA) in relation to cardiac structural and functional geometry among adolescents. Methods From the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children, UK birth cohort, 530 (50% female) adolescents aged 17 years had complete ST, PA, cardiac, and covariate measures. Echocardiography cardiac measures were left ventricular mass indexed for height2.7 (LVMI2.7), relative wall thickness, LV diastolic function (LVDF), and LV filling pressure (LVFP). Overweight/obesity and elevated systolic/BP hypertension were categorized as body mass index >24.99 kg/m2 and ≥130 mmHg, respectively. Data were analyzed with linear regression models adjusting for cardiometabolic factors and lifestyle factors. Results The prevalence of overweight/obesity in males and females was 17.9% and 24.5%, respectively. The prevalence of elevated systolic BP/hypertension was 11.6% in males and 1.1% among females. The average ST was 484 ± 78 min/day, light PA was 274 ± 62 min/day, and moderate‐to‐vigorous PA (MVPA) was 41 ± 24 min/day, among females. Average ST, LPA, and MVPA were 468 ± 87 min/day, 293 ± 70 min/day, and 56 ± 30 min/day, respectively, among males. Higher ST was associated with higher LVMI2.7 (standardized β = 0.16; p = 0.01) among females, but higher ST was associated with lower LVDF in males (β = −0.14; p = 0.04). Higher ST and MVPA were associated with higher LVMI2.7 in the total cohort, normal weight, and overweight/obese adolescents. Light PA was associated with higher LVDF in the total cohort and normotensives and lower LVFP among adolescents with high lean mass. Conclusions Higher ST and MVPA were associated with higher LVMI; however, ST‐associated LVMI increase was threefold higher than MVPA‐associated LVMI increase. Higher LPA was associated with better cardiac function. Reducing ST and increasing LPA may attenuate the risk of altered cardiac structure and function in adolescents.

Accelerometer‐based sedentary time, light physical activity, and moderate‐to‐vigorous physical activity from childhood with arterial stiffness and carotid IMT progression: A 13‐year longitudinal study of 1339 children

“…ST, LPA, and MVPA were assessed with ActiGraphTM (LLC, Fort Walton Beach, FL, USA) accelerometer worn on the hip for 7 consecutive days at 11‐ and 15‐year clinic visits whereas at 24 years movement behavior was assessed using ActiGraph GT3X+ accelerometer device worn on the hip for four consecutive days 15,21,27 . There is a strong absolute agreement between the Actigraph™ models intraclass correlation coefficient 0.99 (95% CI = 0.98–0.99) thus making it acceptable to use different models within a study 28 .…”

“…ST, LPA, and MVPA were assessed with ActiGraphTM (LLC, Fort Walton Beach, FL, USA) accelerometer worn on the hip for 7 consecutive days at 11-and 15-year clinic visits whereas at 24 years movement behavior was assessed using ActiGraph GT3X+ accelerometer device worn on the hip for four consecutive days. 15,21,27 There is a strong absolute agreement between the Actigraph™ models intraclass correlation coefficient 0.99 (95% CI = 0.98-0.99) thus making it acceptable to use different models within a study. 28 A valid day was defined as providing data for at least 10 h per day (excluding sequences of 10 or more minutes with consecutive zero counts) and children were only included in the analyses if they provided at least 3 valid days of recording.…”

“…48 In a recent cross-sectional study, accelerometer-measured MVPA was associated with higher left ventricular mass in 540 adolescents. 15 It is not completely understood when MVPA-induced physiologic vascular remodeling, transit to pathological changes in the young population. Exercise-induced vascular remodeling involves angiogenesis, that is, formation of new capillaries from existing capillaries, and arteriogenesis.…”

“…10,11,13 The sex-specific longitudinal effect of increased PA and increased ST on subclinical arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis in the young population remains unclear and there is contrasting evidence regarding the benefits of movement or harm of exercise-mediated cardiovascular remodeling. [10][11][12]14,15 The mechanism underlying the relationship between ST, light PA (LPA), and moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) and arterial structure and function is not fully elucidated. 11,[16][17][18][19] Increased ST from childhood through young adulthood has been strongly associated with increased inflammation, fat mass, and dyslipidemia and it was recently reported that higher inflammation in adolescence temporally preceded higher arterial stiffness and cIMT.…”

“…Due to the paucity of longitudinal accelerometer movement behavior measures in the pediatric population, findings of simulated replacements of ST with time spent in PA in relation to metabolic health have been employed in formulating PA guidelines 10,11,13 . The sex‐specific longitudinal effect of increased PA and increased ST on subclinical arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis in the young population remains unclear and there is contrasting evidence regarding the benefits of movement or harm of exercise‐mediated cardiovascular remodeling 10–12,14,15 …”