Associations between weekly gestational exposure of fine particulate matter, ozone, and nitrogen dioxide and preterm birth in a North Carolina Birth Cohort, 2003–2015

Abstract

Background: Preterm birth (PTB; <37 weeks completed gestation) is associated with exposure to air pollution, though variability in association magnitude and direction across exposure windows exists. We evaluated associations between weekly gestational exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and ozone (O3) with PTB in a North Carolina Birth Cohort from 2003 to 2015 (N = 1,367,517). Methods: Daily average PM2.5 and daily 8-hour maximum NO2 concentration estimates were obtained from a hybrid ensemble model with a spatial resolution of 1 km2. Daily 8-hour maximum census tract-level concentration estimates for O3 were obtained from the EPA’s Fused Air Quality Surface Using Downscaling model. Air pollutant concentrations were linked by census tract to residential address at delivery and averaged across each week of pregnancy. Modified Poisson regression models with robust errors were used to estimate risk differences (RD [95% confidence intervals (CI)]) for an interquartile range increase in pollutants per 10,000 births, adjusted for potential confounders. Results: Associations were similar in magnitude across weeks. We observed positive associations for PM2.5 and O3 exposures, but generally null associations with NO2. RDs ranged from 15 (95% CI = 11, 18) to 32 (27, 37) per 10,000 births for PM2.5; from −7 (−14, −1) to 0 (−5, 4) for NO2; and from 4 (1, 7) to 13 (10, 16) for O3. Conclusion: Our results show that increased PM2.5 exposure is associated with an increased risk of PTB across gestational weeks, and these associations persist in multipollutant models with NO2 and/or O3.

Examining modification of the associations between air pollution and birth outcomes by neighborhood deprivation in a North Carolina birth cohort, 2011–2015

“…We evaluated air pollution exposures over trimesters of pregnancy. Previous studies have examined weeks and months of pregnancy as well ( 69 , 70 ), though inconsistency in the exposure window associated with preterm birth is a noted uncertainty ( 32 – 34 ). For example, Krajewski et al ( 70 ) reported an increased risk of PTB associated with PM 2.5 and O 3 exposure across gestational weeks and generally null effects for NO 2 .…”

“…Previous studies have examined weeks and months of pregnancy as well ( 69 , 70 ), though inconsistency in the exposure window associated with preterm birth is a noted uncertainty ( 32 – 34 ). For example, Krajewski et al ( 70 ) reported an increased risk of PTB associated with PM 2.5 and O 3 exposure across gestational weeks and generally null effects for NO 2 . Alman et al ( 69 ) observed elevated odds of preterm birth with PM2.5 exposure in months 3 and 4 as well as weeks 9–12, while Wang et al reported increased hazard ratios for weeks 20–28 for PM 2.5 , 18–31 for NO 2 , and 23–31 for O 3 ( 71 ).…”