Associations between trunk muscle morphology, strength and function in older adults

Shahtahmassebi, Behnaz; Hébert, Jeffrey J.; Hecimovich, Mark; Fairchild, Timothy J.

doi:10.1038/s41598-017-11116-0

Cited by 48 publications

(53 citation statements)

References 34 publications

(53 reference statements)

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“…Participants were not involved in setting the research agenda presented herein. The baseline data from this study were previously published in a cross‐sectional analysis . Participants were randomized to one of two groups (1:1) using a computer‐generated block randomization list with random block sizes of 2, 4, or 6.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The SEM was calculated using the formula: [SEM = SD √1− r ] where SD is the standard deviation, and r is the reliability coefficient for that measurement . The ultrasound imaging procedure of trunk muscles size has been described previously …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Isokinetic dynamometry has previously been reported to be a reliable and valid method for measuring trunk muscle strength . The measurement procedure of maximal isometric trunk strength has been described previously …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The baseline data from this study were previously published in a cross-sectional analysis. 14 Participants were randomized to one of two groups (1:1) using a computer-generated block randomization list with random block sizes of 2, 4, or 6. Sequentially numbered, opaque envelopes containing the participant's group assignment were prepared by research staff not affiliated with the delivery of the exercise program.…”

Section: Study Design and Participant Involvementmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Trunk exercise training improves muscle size, strength, and function in older adults: A randomized controlled trial

Shahtahmassebi

Hébert

Hecimovich

et al. 2019

Scandinavian Med Sci Sports

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The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of a multimodal exercise program to increase trunk muscle morphology and strength in older individuals, and their associated changes in functional ability. Using a single‐blinded parallel‐group randomized controlled trial design, 64 older adults (≥60 years) were randomly allocated to a 12‐week exercise program comprising walking and balance exercises with or without trunk strengthening/motor control exercises; followed by a 6‐week walking‐only program (detraining; 32 per group). Trunk muscle morphology (ultrasound imaging), strength (isokinetic dynamometer), and functional ability and balance (6‐Minute Walk Test; 30 second Chair Stand Test; Sitting and Rising Test; Berg Balance Scale, Multi‐Directional Reach Test; Timed Up and Go; Four Step Square Test) were the primary outcome measures. Sixty‐four older adults (mean [SD]; age: 69.8 [7.5] years; 59.4% female) were randomized into two exercise groups. Trunk training relative to walking‐balance training increased (mean difference [95% CI]) the size of the rectus abdominis (2.08 [1.29, 2.89] cm2), lumbar multifidus (L4/L5:0.39 [0.16, 0.61] cm; L5/S1:0.31 [0.07, 0.55] cm), and the lateral abdominal musculature (0.63 [0.40, 0.85] cm); and increased trunk flexion (29.8 [4.40, 55.31] N), extension (37.71 [15.17, 60.25] N), and lateral flexion (52.30 [36.57, 68.02] N) strength. Trunk training relative to walking‐balance training improved 30‐second Chair Stand Test (5.90 [3.39, 8.42] repetitions), Sitting and Rising Test (1.23 [0.24, 2.23] points), Forward Reach Test (4.20 [1.89, 6.51] cm), Backward Reach Test (2.42 [0.33, 4.52] cm), and Timed Up and Go Test (−0.76 [−1.40, −0.13] seconds). Detraining led to some declines but all outcomes remained significantly improved when compared to pre‐training. These findings support the inclusion of trunk strengthening/motor control exercises as part of a multimodal exercise program for older adults.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Study Design and Participant Involvementmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Trunk exercise training improves muscle size, strength, and function in older adults: A randomized controlled trial

Shahtahmassebi

Hébert

Hecimovich

et al. 2019

Scandinavian Med Sci Sports

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“…The improvements were however significantly larger in the protein group. Various health benefits have been associated with truncal body composition improvements, such as a reduced risk for cardiovascular diseases and metabolic syndrome, 44 improved postural stability, and consequently a reduced risk for falls, 45,46 while the maintenance of lean mass of the trunk may only moderately contribute to the mobility of older adults. 47 We did not find improvements in hand grip strength, nor in quadriceps muscle strength, contractile function and fatigue following protein supplementation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Protein supplementation improves lean body mass in physically active older adults: a randomized placebo‐controlled trial

Haaf

Eijsvogels

Bongers

et al. 2019

J cachexia sarcopenia muscle

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Background An inadequate protein intake may offset the muscle protein synthetic response after physical activity, reducing the possible benefits of an active lifestyle for muscle mass. We examined the effects of 12 weeks of daily protein supplementation on lean body mass, muscle strength, and physical performance in physically active older adults with a low habitual protein intake (<1.0 g/kg/day). Methods A randomized double‐blinded controlled trial was performed among 116 physically active older adults [age 69 (interquartile range: 67–73) years, 82% male] who were training for a 4 day walking event of 30, 40, or 50 km/day. Participants were randomly allocated to either 31 g of milk protein or iso‐caloric placebo supplementation for 12 weeks. Body composition (dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry), strength (isometric leg extension and grip strength), quadriceps contractile function, and physical performance [Short Physical Performance Battery, Timed Up‐and‐Go test, and cardiorespiratory fitness (Åstrand–Rhyming submaximal exercise test)] were measured at baseline and after 12 weeks. We assessed vitamin D status and markers of muscle damage and renal function in blood and urine samples before and after intervention. Results A larger increase in relative lean body mass was observed in the protein vs. placebo group (∆0.93 ± 1.22% vs. ∆0.44 ± 1.40%, P Interaction = 0.046). Absolute and relative fat mass decreased more in the protein group than in the placebo group (∆−0.90 ± 1.22 kg vs. ∆−0.31 ± 1.28 kg, P Interaction = 0.013 and ∆−0.92 ± 1.19% vs. ∆−0.39 ± 1.36%, P Interaction = 0.029, respectively). Strength and contractile function did not change in both groups. Gait speed, chair‐rise ability, Timed Up‐and‐Go, and cardiorespiratory fitness improved in both groups ( P < 0.001), but no between‐group differences were observed. Serum urea increased in the protein group, whereas no changes were observed in the placebo group ( P Interaction < 0.001). No between‐group differences were observed for vitamin D status, muscle damage, and renal function markers. Conclusions In physically active older adults with relatively low habitual dietary protein consumption, an improvement in physical performance, an increase in lean body mass, and a decrease in fat mass were observed after walking exercise training. A larger increase in relative lean body mass and larger reduction in fat mass were observed in participants receiving 12 weeks of daily protein supplementation compared with controls, whereas this was not accompanied by differences in improvements between groups in muscle strength and physical performance.

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Vitamin D supplements for trunk muscle morphology in older adults: secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial

Cuellar

Blizzard

Hides

et al. 2018

J cachexia sarcopenia muscle

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Background The effect of vitamin D supplementation on postural muscles of the trunk is of particular interest because low 25‐hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH) D] levels are associated with decreased postural balance and increased risk of falls. Understanding the role of vitamin D supplementation plays in trunk muscle function of older adults is necessary, as this is a potentially modifiable factor to improve postural muscle function and decrease the risk of falling of older adults. The objective of this randomized controlled trial was to evaluate the effect of 12 months of vitamin D supplementation compared with placebo, on morphology and function of the trunk muscles of adults aged 50 to 79 years with low serum 25(OH) D levels. Methods This was a secondary analysis of a randomized, placebo‐controlled, and double‐blind clinical trial conducted between June 2010 and December 2013 in Tasmania, Australia. The clinical trial was registered with the Australian New Zealand clinical trial registration agency, ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01176344; Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry: ACTRN 12610000495022. Participants were aged 50–79 years with ongoing symptoms of knee osteoarthritis and with low serum [25(OH) D] (12.5 to 60 nmol/L, 5.2 to 24 ng/mL). Participants were randomly assigned to either monthly 50 000 IU oral vitamin D3 ( n = 104) or an identical placebo ( n = 113) for 24 months as per clinical trial protocol. The primary outcomes in this pre‐specified secondary analysis were between‐group differences in change in size of rectus abdominis, transversus abdominis, internal oblique, external oblique, and lumbar multifidus muscles and function (assessed by change in thickness on contraction) of these muscles (excepting rectus abdominis) from baseline to 12 months. Muscle size was assessed using ultrasound imaging. Results Of 217 participants (mean age 63 years, 48% women), 186 (85.7%) completed the study. There were no significant between‐group differences in change in size or function of the abdominal or multifidus muscles after 12 months of vitamin D supplementation. Conclusions A monthly dose of 50 000 IU of vitamin D3 alone for 12 months does not affect the size or ability to contract trunk muscles of independent community‐dwelling older adults with symptomatic knee osteoarthritis and low serum 25(OH) D levels regardless of body mass index status or degree of vitamin D deficiency. An effect of vitamin D supplementation on other aspects of trunk muscle function such as strength, power, or physical function cannot be ruled out.

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Associations between trunk muscle morphology, strength and function in older adults

Cited by 48 publications

References 34 publications

Trunk exercise training improves muscle size, strength, and function in older adults: A randomized controlled trial

Trunk exercise training improves muscle size, strength, and function in older adults: A randomized controlled trial

Protein supplementation improves lean body mass in physically active older adults: a randomized placebo‐controlled trial

Vitamin D supplements for trunk muscle morphology in older adults: secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial

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