Associations Between Structural and Social Determinants of Health With COVID Infection Rates at a Safety Net Hospital.

Abstract

Background: The reported disproportionate impact of COVID-19 infections on minority populations may be due to living in disinvested communities with high level of poverty, pollution, inadequate unsafe employment, and overcrowded housing.Objective: To determine the association of county, city, and individual risk factors with COVID-19 infection ratesMethods: Retrospective chart review on COVID-19 tests performed from March through July 2020 at Arrowhead Regional Medical Center, Colton­, California. Results: A total of 7104 tests were performed with 69% in the drive-through testing center. The mean duration of test-to-results time was 2.36 (+0.02) days. COVID-19 positive tests occurred in 1095 (15.4%). At least one symptom occurred in 414 (33%) with sensitivity of 37.8, specificity of 86.02, positive predictive value of 33.01, and negative predictive value of 72.76. Individual factors significantly associated with testing positive for COVID-19 were diabetes, Hispanic ethnicity, and male gender. Younger age was significantly associated with testing COVID positive with the highest risk in children <10 years. COVID-19 positive persons significantly resided in cities with higher population density, household members, poverty, non-English speaking homes, disability, lower median household income, lack of health insurance and decreased access to a computer and WIFI services. County health rankings showed significant positive association between testing positive for COVID-19 with increased smoking, air pollution, violent crimes, physical inactivity, decreased education and access to exercise. Conclusion: Adverse county health rankings; socially and economically disadvantaged cities are associated with an increased risk of testing positive for COVD-19. This information can be used in strategic planning and invention mitigation.